Bulgarians, early propagation of Islam among, 26; refuse to aid Byzantines against Osmanlis, 103; first conflict with Osmanlis in Thrace, 111-14; make John Palaeologus prisoner, and are attacked by Savoyard crusaders, 129-30; struggle against Osmanlis in Thrace, 139-40; resist Hungarian attempts to convert them to Catholic faith, 141; lose Sofia, 161; Ottoman invasion and conquest, 171-3, 194-5; aid Osmanlis in Karamanian campaign, 188; oppressed by Greek patriarchate, 195-6. Bunar Hissar, 112, 139. Burgas, 129, 142. Burhaneddin of Caesarea, 190, 287, 297. Byzantine architecture, influence of, upon Ottoman, 275-6. ---- emperor, glamour of title in Western Europe, 241. Byzantines, civil dynastic strife among, 35, 47-9, 57-61 91-4, 98-105, 149-54, 197-200, 237-9, 259; first contact with Osmanlis, 34; receive aid from Catalans, 37-40; seek aid of Genoese and Serbians, against Turks, 41; menaced again by western schemes of conquest, 42; lose Bithynia to Osmanlis, 45-9; defeated by Osmanlis at Pelecanon, 59-61; weakness of opposition of, to Orkhan, 106; abasement of, before Murad, 122; fail to cooperate with other Balkan Christians against Osmanlis, 123, 139; make treaty with Genoese, 162; reduced to city state of Constantinople, 232-4, 242-3; aided by Boucicaut’s crusade, 236-9, 242; fail to take advantage of defeat of Bayezid by Timur, and help Ottoman armies in retreat to Europe, 261. Caesarea, 16, 190, 248, 272, 284, 287, 300. Callixtus, patriarch, 101-3, 144. Cantacuzenos, Helen, 94. ----, Irene, 91, 94, 103. ----, John, wounded by Turks, 48; at battle of Pelecanon, 60; prevents marriage alliance between Orkhan and Dushan, 90; usurps imperial purple, 91; marries daughter to Orkhan, 93; forces widow of Andronicus III to recognize him as co-emperor, and marries daughter to John Palaeologus, 93-4; asks aid of Orkhan against Dushan, 98; dynastic war with John Palaeologus, in which Osmanlis help him, 99-102; forced to abdicate, and becomes monk, 103; character of, 104-5; responsibility for introducing Osmanlis into Europe, 92-5, 97-100, 102-3, 105-10; grand-daughter of, in harem of Bayezid, 230. ----, Matthew, turns against father, 98; Patriarch Callixtus refuses to consecrate as co-emperor, 101-2; forced by John Palaeologus to abdicate, 103. ----, Theodora, wife of Orkhan, 93-4, 98, 107. Catalans, aid Byzantines in Asia Minor, 37-8; form state at Gallipoli, 39; go to Thessaly, 40; sack Chios, 43; mercenaries of Cantacuzenos, 103; remnants of, at Bigha, 123, 301. Cattaro, 134. Charles IV (Holy Roman Emperor), 138. ---- of Durazzo, 192. ---- VI of France, rejoices over death of Murad, 178; opposes Bayezid, 202, 208-9, 233; insanity of, 202, 209, 242; receives Manuel Palaeologus, 241; Timur proposes to share world with, 249; misinformed about origin and power of Osmanlis, 208-9, 274. ---- Thopia, lord of Durazzo, 159.