[136] Col. Djevad bey, p. 20, _n._ 2. Col. Djevad claims that von Hammer’s derivation of the word ‘pasha’ from the Persian is wrong. But he gives no reason which would satisfy the philologist when he asserts that this word is essentially Turkish. Nor does he attempt to explain its original meaning. ‘Pasha’ is probably a shortened form of ‘padishah’. See _Century Dictionary_, v. 4228. [137] According to the biographer of Brusa, cited by Hammer, i. 146, _n._ 4. [138] I do not understand what Hammer means when he says, i. 116, that the _Kanunnamé_ must be taken in the sense of political rather than ecclesiastical law. The two cannot be separated in Islam. Or, perhaps, it is better to say that there is no political law. The very word _Kanun_ was taken from the Greeks, was used by them for ecclesiastical law, and its adoption by the Osmanlis (at a much later period than Orkhan) serves to emphasize the fact that there was no other land of law conceivable than the law of the Church. The word _Kanun_ had of course other meanings, but in its collective legal sense it seems to have stood only for rules or laws that had to do with things ecclesiastical or religious. See the various meanings of this word in A. Souter’s _Text and Canon of the New Testament_ (London, 1913), pp. 154-5. [139] This petition is in the Litany of the Prayer Book of Edward VI. Cf. Schaff, _Church History_, iv. 151. [140] I do not mean to assert that religious feeling has played no part in the massacres of our own day. But these massacres were arranged by the government, who incited the Moslems to attack their Christian neighbours, inflaming the ignorant mind more by an appeal to racial hatred, to loot, to lust, than to defence of the sacred faith. In the Armenian massacres it was represented to the ignorant village Moslem that the Armenians were plotting to set up an independent government or to betray the fatherland to some European power. I was in Adana during the terrible massacre of 1909, and make this statement from personal experience and observation. [141] Michail Koëzé, Marco, and Evrenos were Greeks. Cf. Leunclavius, _Pandectes_, p. 125. [142] Up to the time of the Tanzimat, in 1849, Christians were called _raïas_. The original meaning of _raïa_ was a flock, and was not a term of contempt, but a recognition of the fact that Christians were a taxable asset to the nation, at so much per head.