[462] Phr., I. 13-14, pp. 58-9, and 26, p. 82; Bonfinius, iii. 2; _Chron. Anon. de St.-Denis_; Chron. of Drechsler; Campana, fol. 8 (but gives date 1393). Leuncl., _Annales_, p. 51, following Ottoman sources, speaks only of Sigismund’s defeat. This earlier victory and the disastrous retreat are mentioned also in several of the French chronicles which relate the expedition of 1396. [463] Engel, _Gesch. von Ungarn_, ii. 368, who draws on all the earlier Hungarian authorities. [464] Russian source cited by Muralt, vol. ii, No. 10 n. [465] Cf. Baedeker, _Konst. und Kleinasien_, 2. Aufl., p. 46. [466] Jireček, _Gesch. der Bulgaren_, pp. 347-9, gives Slavic sources for this date, and quotes Camblak’s graphic description of the terrible sacking of the city, the massacre, and the destruction of the churches. [467] In Czech, the word _jazyk_ signifies _language_ as well as _nation_ (cf. Lützow, _Life and Times of Master John Hus_, p. 239). This illustrates the Slavic conception of nationality, and explains in a nutshell the Austro-Hungarian and Balkan problems. To the Slav, there can be no other test of nationality. The Bulgarian propaganda in Macedonia, carried on through the church and the schools, has been the resurrection of the nation through the language. The Greeks have used the Orthodox Church to combat and stifle this movement. They claim as Greeks all members of the Orthodox Church, while the Bulgarians claim that Bulgarophones, even if not attached to the exarchate, belong to the Bulgarian nation. [468] Schiltberger, Neumann ed., p. 65. On this question cf. Jireček, op. cit., pp. 350-2; Miller, p. 189; and illuminating note of Rambaud, in _Hist. générale_, iii. 832 _n._ Also p. 143 of this book and accompanying foot-note. [469] Schiltberger, op. et loc. cit. [470] These cities, or rather, their fortresses, were captured and evacuated several times by the Osmanlis, especially Widin. [471] Hammer, at the beginning of the reign of Bayezid, i. 295-7, relates the history of the quarrel between Andronicus and his father and Manuel, the rescue from the Tower of Anemas, &c., as if these events happened in 1389 and 1390, and gives the capture of Philadelphia for 1391. He has been led astray here by the story of Ducas, and by the fact that the Byzantine historians speak of Bayezid instead of Murad in connexion with the negotiations for restoration. By the internal evidence in the Byzantine historians themselves, the chronology of this period cannot be decided. But, by reading Phrantzes and Chalcocondylas in the light of Quirino, the continuation of Dandolo, and the archives of the colony of Pera, and also by piecing out the length of time of these events and matching them with Bayezid’s occupations during the first two years of his reign, it is not difficult to decide to place the Andronicus _versus_ John and Manuel struggles just before the Chioggia war. At any rate, Andronicus died ten years before the date Hammer gives to these events!