What strikes me at the start is this. At the first of our six stages,
the fact, still completely in the rough, is, so to speak, individual, it
is completely distinct from all other possible facts. From the second
stage, already it is no longer the same. The enunciation of the fact
would suit an infinity of other facts. So soon as language intervenes, I
have at my command only a finite number of terms to express the shades,
in number infinite, that my impressions might cover. When I say: It
grows dark, that well expresses the impressions I feel in being present
at an eclipse; but even in obscurity a multitude of shades could be
imagined, and if, instead of that actually realized, had happened a
slightly different shade, yet I should still have enunciated this
_other_ fact by saying: It grows dark.
Second remark: even at the second stage, the enunciation of a fact can
only be _true or false_. This is not so of any proposition; if this
proposition is the enunciation of a convention, it can not be said that
this enunciation is _true_, in the proper sense of the word, since it
could not be true apart from me and is true only because I wish it to
be.
When, for instance, I say the unit for length is the meter, this is a
decree that I promulgate, it is not something ascertained which forces
itself upon me. It is the same, as I think I have elsewhere shown, when
it is a question, for example, of Euclid's postulate.
When I am asked: Is it growing dark? I always know whether I ought to
reply yes or no. Although an infinity of possible facts may be
susceptible of this same enunciation, it grows dark, I shall always
know whether the fact realized belongs or does not belong among those
which answer to this enunciation. Facts are classed in categories, and
if I am asked whether the fact that I ascertain belongs or does not
belong in such a category, I shall not hesitate.
Doubtless this classification is sufficiently arbitrary to leave a large
part to man's freedom or caprice. In a word, this classification is a
convention. _This convention being given_, if I am asked: Is such a fact
true? I shall always know what to answer, and my reply will be imposed
upon me by the witness of my senses.
If therefore, during an eclipse, it is asked: Is it growing dark? all
the world will answer yes. Doubtless those speaking a language where
bright was called dark, and dark bright, would answer no. But of what
importance is that?
In the same way, in mathematics, _when I have laid down the definitions,
and the postulates which are conventions_, a theorem henceforth can only
be true or false. But to answer the question: Is this theorem true? it
is no longer to the witness of my senses that I shall have recourse, but
to reasoning.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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