On the return of Acadia to France by the treaty of St. Germain, one Claude de Razilly had been commissioned to rule the territory; and after his death, three years later, d'Aulnay and de la Tour, both of whom had possessed grants and trading posts within his jurisdiction, aspired to replace him in the supreme command.[558] After various encounters, in one of which d'Aulnay captured de la Tour, the latter, in 1643, arrived at Boston with one hundred and forty men, and asked for help against his rival. Winthrop, who was then governor, called together a few of the magistrates and deputies, who assured de la Tour that, although they could not grant him aid officially, he might have permission to hire ships and engage volunteers for his expedition.[559] “The rumour of these things soon spreading,” however, they encountered so much adverse criticism that Winthrop consulted with additional members of the Court, and, of course, the clergy. The question was long debated, whether it was lawful for Christians to aid idolaters, and, somewhat more pertinently, whether it was expedient in this particular case. The debate is given at length by Winthrop, and affords an instructive example of Puritan casuistry. A matter of so much importance should, of course, have been referred to the General Court, and, also, under the terms of the new Confederacy, to the Commissioners of that body. The Boston merchants, however, seem to have brought powerful influences to bear, and the little job in dollar-diplomacy was rushed through, regardless of obligations or consequences. The question was not referred to the Court, Winthrop wrote, because if it “had been assembled, we knew they would not have given him aid without consent of the commissioners of the other colonies, and for a bare permission, we might do it without the court.”[560] Saltonstall and others afterwards wrote, strongly condemning the action, urging that the real rights of the case had not been known, that wars involving the subjects of another nation ought not to be undertaken without the knowledge of the home government; and brushed away the sophistical distinctions made by the Boston clique between private permission by the colony's rulers and their official sanction. “D'Aulnay, nor France,” they wrote, “are not so feeble in their intellectuals as to deeme it no act of state.”[561] Footnote 558: _Cf._ Parkman, _The old Régime in Canada_ (Boston, 1911), pp. 1 _ff._ Footnote 559: J. Winthrop, _History_, vol. II, pp. 128, 130. Footnote 560: _Ibid._, vol. II, pp. 135, 138. The agreement is in Hazard, _Historical Collections_, vol. I, pp. 499 _ff._ Robert Keaynes, of the “sow case,” was apparently interested in the venture. Footnote 561: Hutchinson, _Papers_, vol. I, p. 131. [Illustration: Page from John Winthrop's Journal Original in Massachusetts Historical Society ]