Now it is only a limited number of conclusions which are true—their
truth depends on the particular combinations of the premisses and
figures which they accompany. The total figure thus represented may be
called the universe of thought in respect to these four constituents,
and out of the universe of possibly existing combinations it is the
province of logic to select those which correspond to the results of
our reasoning faculties.
We can go over each of the premisses in each of the moods, and find out
what conclusion logically follows. But this is done in the works on
logic; most simply and clearly I believe in “Jevon’s Logic.” As we are
only concerned with a formal presentation of the results we will make
use of the mnemonic lines printed below, in which the words enclosed in
brackets refer to the figures, and are not significative:—
Barbara celarent Darii ferio_que_ [prioris].
Caesare Camestris Festino Baroko [secundae].
[Tertia] darapti disamis datisi felapton.
Bokardo ferisson _habet_ [Quarta insuper addit].
Bramantip camenes dimaris ferapton fresison.
In these lines each significative word has three vowels, the first
vowel refers to the major premiss, and gives the mood of that premiss,
“a” signifying, for instance, that the major mood is in mood _a_. The
second vowel refers to the minor premiss, and gives its mood. The third
vowel refers to the conclusion, and gives its mood. Thus (prioris)—of
the first figure—the first mnemonic word is “barbara,” and this gives
major premiss, mood A; minor premiss, mood A; conclusion, mood A.
Accordingly in the first of our four cubes we mark the lowest left-hand
front cube. To take another instance in the third figure “Tertia,”
the word “ferisson” gives us major premiss mood E—_e.g._, no M is P,
minor premiss mood I; some M is S, conclusion, mood O; some S is not P.
The region to be marked then in the third representative cube is the
one in the second wall to the right for the major premiss, the third
wall from the front for the minor premiss, and the top layer for the
conclusion.
It is easily seen that in the diagram this cube is marked, and so with
all the valid conclusions. The regions marked in the total region show
which combinations of the four variables, major premiss, minor premiss,
figure, and conclusion exist.
That is to say, we objectify all possible conclusions, and build up an
ideal manifold, containing all possible combinations of them with the
premisses, and then out of this we eliminate all that do not satisfy
the laws of logic. The residue is the syllogism, considered as a canon
of reasoning.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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