Nor did the Papal charter deeds exclude any profane science. The common formula, which always prevails, authorizes to teach indiscriminately _in jure canonico et civili necnon in medicina et qualibet alia licita facultate_. Only one science was frequently excepted, and that was just theology. Of the forty-six high schools that had been established up to the year 1400, about twenty-eight, therefore nearly two-thirds, excluded by their charter the teaching of theology. At first a number of universities sprang up merely as law schools, others as medical schools, and there was then no need to include the science of theology in the schedule of studies. Furthermore, Paris was ever since the twelfth century looked upon as the home and the natural place for theology (_Denifle_, 703 f.). Hence the benevolence of the Church towards the universities was not merely determined by selfish interest. Or was it, nevertheless? May the Church not have bestowed so much care on the homes of science in order to increase her own influence thereby, and also with an eye to the future? This assertion has been made. But this assertion is an injustice and it is against the testimony of history. The Popes very often issued their charter deeds only then, when request was made by worldly rulers and by the cities themselves. Hence there was no hurried self-assertion. And the Church has never denied the right to worldly powers to found their own high schools. The theologians of the thirteenth century expressedly declared it to be the duty of princes to provide for institutions of learning (Cfr. _Thomas of Aquin_, De regimine principum, I, 13; Op. contra impug. relig. 3). Thus up to the year 1400 nine high schools had received no charters at all, ten only imperial charters or charters from their local sovereigns. If the Popes had cared only about their influence, why then did they treat such colleges with the same benevolence? Spain’s first college was founded at Paleneia in the years 1212-1214 by _Alfonso VIII._ without asking the Pope. When soon afterwards it was in trouble it was _Honorius III._ who aided _Alfonso’s_ successor in restoring it, by assigning some ecclesiastical income to its professors. When the college was nearly wrecked and Rome once more applied to for help, _Urban IV._ lent an aiding hand because he did not want _ut lucerna tanta claritatis in commune mutorum dispendium sic extincta remaneat_. _Frederick II._ had founded a university of his own. When it failed it was _Clement IV._ who urged _King Charles_ of Anjou to re-establish it. _In eodem regno facias et jubeas hujusmodi studium reformari_ (_Denifle_, 478, 459). This is not the language and action of one who is only ruled by the passion to spread his own influence, and not guided by benevolence for science.