opposing speaker of that evening, subsequently sent word to _Wasmann_ that: “One can pretty well judge what to think of a natural scientist who publishes such stuff. For this reason I now declare that I shall never in future, no matter how or where, enter into discussion of matters of natural science with Mr. _Wasmann_.” When on a certain occasion _Hegel_ was advised that some facts did not agree with his philosophical notions, he replied: “The more pity for the facts.” The English natural scientist, _W. Thomson_, once said before the British Society at Edinburgh: “Science is bound by eternal honour to face fearlessly every problem that can be clearly laid before it.” The equally famous _Faraday_, in the name of empirical research, demands of its adherents the determination to stand or to fall with the results of a direct appeal to the facts in the first place, and with the strict logical deductions therefrom in the second. In general these principles are adhered to so long as religious notions are not encountered. But as soon as these are sighted, the engine is reversed, and all scientific principles are forgotten. A science led by this spirit will set out to emancipate man’s moral conduct of life from God and religion. Indeed, the first postulate of modern ethics directs that _morality_ must be _independent of religion_. That God and eternal salvation is the end of man, the ultimate norm of his moral life, that God’s Command is the ultimate reason of the moral obligation, and divine sanction its strongest support, it does not want to acknowledge. Here, too, we find the principle of natural causality in operation. “As in physics God’s will must not be made to serve as an explanation, so likewise in the theory of moral phenomena. Both the natural and the moral world, as they exist, may point beyond themselves to something transcendental. But we cannot admit the transcendental ... a scientific explanation will have to be wholly immanent, and anthropological” (_Paulsen_). According to this approved principle of ignoration, the supreme aim and law of a morality without religion is _man_, his earthly happiness, and his culture.