The freedom of the seas : $b or, The right which belongs to the Dutch to take part in the East Indian tradeGrotius, Hugo
Philosophy
The freedom of the seas : $b or, The right which belongs to the Dutch to take part in the East Indian trade
Grotius, Hugo
Freedom of the seas; Law of the sea
‘Sed quare ius gentium secundarium, ut eam separationem quoad terras
et flumina facit, quoad mare facere desiit? respondeo, quia illo casu
expediebat. Constat enim quod si multi venentur, aut piscentur in
terra vel flumine, facile nemus feris, et flumen piscibus evacuatum
redditur, id quod in mari non est. Item fluminum navigatio facile
deterior fit et impeditur per aedificia, quod in mari non est. Item
per aquaeductus facile evacuatur flumen, non ita in mari;[143a] ergo
in utroque non est par ratio’.
‘Nec ad rem pertinet, quod supra diximus, communem esse usum
aquarum, fontium etiam et fluminum. Nam intelligitur quoad bibendum
et similia, quae fluminis dominium aut ius habenti vel minime vel
levissime nocent.[144a] Minima enim in consideratione non sunt. Pro
nostris sententiis facit, quia iniqua nullo tempore praescribuntur,
et ideo lex iniqua nullo tempore praescribitur, aut iustificatur’.
Mox: ‘Et
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more to say about it, because even the combination of the three
conditions mentioned is not sufficient here for the acquisition of
such a right. The reason for the difference between the sea on one
hand and land and rivers on the other, is that in the case of the sea
the same primitive right of nations regarding fishing and navigation
which existed in the earliest times, still today exists undiminished
and always will, and because that right was never separated from the
community right of all mankind, and attached to any person or group
of persons. But in the latter case, that of the land and rivers, it
was different, as we have already set forth.
‘But why, it is asked, does the secondary law of nations which brings
about this separation when we consider lands and rivers cease to
operate in the same way when we consider the sea? I reply, because in
the former case it was expedient and necessary. For every one admits
that if a great many persons hunt on the land or fish in a river, the
forest is easily exhausted of wild animals and the river of fish, but
such a contingency is impossible in the case of the sea. Again, the
navigation of rivers is easily lessened and impeded by constructions
placed therein, but this is not true of the sea. Again, a river is
easily emptied by means of aqueducts but the sea cannot be emptied
by any such means.[143] Therefore there is not equal reason on both
sides.
‘Neither does what we have said above about the common use of waters,
springs, and rivers, apply in this case, for common use is recognized
in them all for purposes of drinking and the like, such usages namely
as do not injure at all or in the slightest degree him who owns a
river or has some other right in one.[144] These are trifles for
which we have no time. What makes for our contention is the fact that
no lapse of time will give a prescriptive right to anything unjust.
Therefore an unjust law is not capable of
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