[E] Selden’s _Mare Clausum_ was not the only defense of England, nor was the _Mare Liberum_ the only lance which Grotius broke for the freedom of the seas. In 1613 William Welwod, professor of Civil Law at the University of Aberdeen, published a little book entitled _An Abridgement of all the Sea-Lawes_, in which he maintained the English side of the question, of which Title XXVII, pp. 61-72, deals with the community and property of the seas. Two years later Welwod published a second work, this time in Latin, entitled _De Dominio Maris Juribusque ad Dominium praecipue Spectantibus Assertia Brevis ac Methodica_. Grotius prepared, but did not publish, a reply to Welwod’s first attack, entitled _Defensio Capitis Quinti Maris Liberi Oppugnati a Gulielmo Welwodo Juris Civilis Professore, Capite XXVII ejus Libri Scripti Anglica Sermone cui Titulum Fecit Compendium Legum Maritimarum_. It was discovered at the same time as the commentary _De Jure Praedae_ and was published in 1872 in Muller’s _Mare Clausum, Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der rivaliteit van Engeland en Nederland in de zeventiende eeuw_. FOOTNOTES: [1a] Panegyricus 29, 2: quod genitum esset usquam, id apud omnes natum esse videtur. [2a] Vergil, Georgica II, 109. [3a] Vergil, Aeneis VI, 847-853. [4a] Naturales Quaestiones III, IV. [5a] Institutes II, 1 (De rerum divisione, § 1); Digest I, 8, 4 (eod. tit., L. Nemo igitur); cf. Gentilis, De jure belli I, 19; cf. Code IV, 63, 4 (De commerciis, L. Mercatores). [6a] Vergil, Aeneis I, 539-540. [7a] Vergil, Aeneis VII, 229-230. [8a] Diodorus Siculus XI; Plutarch, Pericles XXIX, 4. [9a] Sigonius, De regno Italiae. [10a] Victoria, De Indis II, n. 1-7; Covarruvias, in c. Peccatum, § 9, n. 4, ibi Quinta. [11a] Numbers XXI, 21-26. [12a] Augustinus, Locutionum IV (de Numeris), 44; Et Estius, c. ult. 23, 4, 2. [13a] Sophocles, Trachiniae. [14a] Baldus de Ubaldis, Consilia III, 293. [15a] Tacitus, Historiae IV, 64. [16a] Andreas Alciatus, Commentaria VII, 130; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, p. 2 § 9; Bartolus on Code I, 11 (De paganis, L. 1). [17a] Code VIII, 40, 13 (De fideiussoribus, L. Si Barsagoram). [18a] Nonius Marcellus, De varia significatione sermonum, in verbo ‘occupare’ (p. 562, Lindsay); cf. Connanus, Commentarii juris civilis III, 3; cf. Donellus, Commentarii de jure civili IV, 10. [19a] Institutes II, 1, 13 (De rerum divisione, § Illud quaesitum est). [20a] Digest XLI, 2, 3 (De adquirenda possessione, § Neratius). [21a] Epistulae I, 1, 44-45. [22a] Pliny, Naturalis historia VI, 22. [23a] Digest XLI, 1, 3 (De adquirendo rerum dominio). [24a] Covarruvias in c. Peccatum § 10, n. 2, 4, 5. [25a] De potestate civili I, 9. [26a] Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 10, a. 12. [27a] De Indis I, n. 4-7, 19. [28a] Vasquius, Preface (n. 5) to Controversiae illustres. [29a] Cf. Osorium. [30a] Institutes II, 1, 40 (De rerum divisione, § Per traditionem). [31a] Luke XII, 14; John XVIII, 36; Victoria, De Indis I, n. 25.