[Footnote 21117: Ibid, XXXI., 271. (Report by Robespierre, Pluviose 1, year II.) "This sublime principle supposes a preference for public interests over all private interests; from which it follows that the love of country supposes again, or produces, all the virtues." "As the essence of a republic or of democracy is equality, it follows that love of country necessarily comprises a love of equality." "The soul of the Republic is virtue, equality."--Lavalette, "Memoirs," I., 254. (Narrated by Madame Lavalette.) She was compelled to attend public festivals, and, every month, the patriotic processions. "I was rudely treated by my associates, the low women of the quarter; the daughter of an emigré, of a marquis, or of an imprisoned mother, ought not to be allowed the honor of their company;.... it was all wrong that she was not made an apprentice.... Hortense de Beauharnais was apprenticed to her mother's seamstress, while Eugene was put with a carpenter in the Faubourg St. Germain." The prevailing dogmatism has a singular effect with simple-minded people. (Archives Nationals, AF. II., 135. petition of Ursule Riesler, servant to citizen Estreich and arrested along with him, addressed to Garneri, agent of the Committee of Public Safety. She begs citizen Garnerin to interest himself in obtaining her freedom. She will devote her life to praying to the Supreme Being for him, since he will redeem her life. He is to furnish her, moreover, with the means for espousing a future husband, a genuine republican, by who she is pregnant, and who would not allow her to entertain any idea of fanatical capers.] CHAPTER II. REACTIONARY CONCEPT OF THE STATE. I. Reactionary concept of the State. Reactionary concept of the State.--Analogy between this idea of the State and that of antiquity.--Difference between antique and modern society.--Changed circumstances. The Jacobin theory can then be summarized in the following points: * The speculative creation of a curtailed type of human being. * An effort to adapt the living man to this type. * The interference of public authority in every branch of public endeavor. * Constraints put upon labor, trade and property, upon the family and education, upon worship, habits, customs and sentiments. * The sacrifice of the individual to the community. * The omnipotence of the State. No theory could be more reactionary since it moves modern man back to a type of society which he, eighteen centuries ago, had already passed through and left behind. During the historical era proceeding our own, and especially in the old Greek or Latin cities, in Rome or Sparta, which the Jacobins take for their models,[2201] human society was shaped after the pattern of an army or convent. In a convent as in an army, one idea, absorbing and unique, predominates: * The aim of the monk is to please God at any sacrifice. * The soldier makes every sacrifice to obtain a victory.