The Frontier in American HistoryTurner, Frederick Jackson
History
The Frontier in American History
Turner, Frederick Jackson
Frontier and pioneer life -- United States; Frontier thesis; United States -- History; United States -- Territorial expansion
If we look about the periphery of the nation, everywhere we see the
indications that our world is changing. On the streets of Northeastern
cities like New York and Boston, the faces which we meet are to a
surprising extent those of Southeastern Europe. Puritan New England,
which turned its capital into factories and mills and drew to its shores
an army of cheap labor, governed these people for a time by a ruling
class like an upper stratum between which and the lower strata there was
no assimilation. There was no such evolution into an assimilated
commonwealth as is seen in Middle Western agricultural States, where
immigrant and old native stock came in together and built up a
homogeneous society on the principle of give and take. But now the
Northeastern coast finds its destiny, politically and economically,
passing away from the descendants of the Puritans. It is the little
Jewish boy, the Greek or the Sicilian, who takes the traveler through
historic streets, now the home of these newer people to the Old North
Church or to Paul Revere's house, or to Tea Wharf, and tells you in his
strange patois the story of revolution against oppression.
Along the Southern Atlantic and the Gulf coast, in spite of the
preservative influence of the negro, whose presence has always called
out resistance to change on the part of the whites, the forces of social
and industrial transformation are at work. The old tidewater aristocracy
has surrendered to the up-country democrats. Along the line of the
Alleghanies like an advancing column, the forces of Northern capital,
textile and steel mills, year after year extend their invasion into the
lower South. New Orleans, once the mistress of the commerce of the
Mississippi Valley, is awakening to new dreams of world commerce. On the
southern border, similar invasions of American capital have been
entering Mexico. At the same time, the opening of the Panama Canal has
completed the dream of the ages of the Straits of Anian between Atlantic
and Pacific. Four hundred years ago, Balboa raised the flag of Spain at
the edge of the Sea of the West and we are now preparing to celebrate
both that anniversary, and the piercing of the continent. New relations
have been created between Spanish America and the United States and the
world is watching the mediation of Argentina, Brazil and Chile between
the contending forces of Mexico and the Union. Once more alien national
interests lie threatening at our borders, but we no longer appeal to the
Monroe Doctrine and send our armies of frontiersmen to settle our
concerns off-hand. We take council with European nations and with the
sisterhood of South America, and propose a remedy of social
reorganization in place of imperious will and force. Whether the effort
will succeed or not, it is a significant indication that an old order is
passing away, when such a solution is undertaken by a President of
Scotch Presbyterian stock, born in the State of Virginia.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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