[100] The Poles constitute the majority of the population in many cities of eastern or Russian Galicia. In Niederle’s list Bobrka, Muszyna, Sanok, Lisko, Sambor, Peremysl, Rawaruska, Belz, Zolkiew, Grodek, Ceshanow, Stryj, Kalusz, Stanislawoff, Kolomya, Tarnopol, Husiatyn, Buczacz, Sokal and Trembowla are credited with over 50 per cent Poles in their population. The predominance of German in the cities of Biala, Sczerzec, Dolina, Bolechow, Nadworna, Kossow, Kuty, Zablotow and Brody is attributed by the same authority to the Jewish element present. [101] E. Reclus: Géogr. Univ., Vol. 3, Europe Centrale, Paris, 1878, p. 396. [102] E. Romer: Esquisse climatique de l’ancienne Pologne, _Bul. de la Soc. Vaud. des Sc. Nat._, 5^e Sér., Vol. 46, June, 1910, p. 231. [103] J. Zemrich: Deutsche und Slaven in den österreichischen Südetenländern, _Deutsche Erde_, Vol. 2, 1903, pp. 1-4. [104] Limite des civilisations dans les Beskides occidentaux, _Ann. de Géogr._, Vol. 17, 1908, Feb. 15, pp. 130-132. Cf. also E. Hanslik: Kulturgrenze und Kulturzyklus in den polnischen Westbeskiden, _Pet. Mitt._, Ergänzungsheft No. 158, 1907. [105] P. Langhans: Nationalitätenkarte der Provinz Schlesien, 1:500,000. Sonderkarte No. 1 in _Deutsche Erde_, 1906; id.: Nationalitätenkarte der Provinz Ostpreussen, 1:500,000. Sonderkarte No. 1 in _Deutsche Erde_, 1907. [106] L. Niederle: op. cit., p. 73; but cf. H. Praesent: Russisch Polen, etc., _Pet. Mitt._, Vol. 60, Dec. 1914, p. 257. [107] A. C. Haddon: The Wanderings of Peoples, Cambridge, 1912, p. 48. [108] F. Curschmann: Die deutsche Ortsnamen in nordostdeutschen Kolonialgebiet, _Forsch. z. deut. Landes- u. Volksk._, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1910, pp. 91-183. [109] Marquis de Noailles: Les frontières de la Pologne, Paris, 1915, p. 21. [110] K. Closterhalfen: Die Polen in niederrheinisch-westfälisch Industriebezirk 1905, 1:200,000. Pl. 16 in _Deutsche Erde_, Vol. 10, 1911. [111] A. Raahe: Die Abwanderungsbewegung in den östlichen Provinzen Preussens. Einleitung und Teil I. Die Provinz Ost-Preussen. Berlin, 1910. [112] N. Troïnitsky: Premier recensement général de la population de l’empire de la Russie, 1897. Vols. 1 and 2, Petrograd, 1905. [113] The Jews cluster especially in the eastern governments of Warsaw, Lomsha and Siedlez, where their percentage varies between 15.6 and 16.4. This ratio is lower in the southern and western administrative divisions. In Kalish it reaches only 7.2 per cent and is reduced to 6.3 per cent in Petrokow. In the cities the Jews constitute on an average slightly over a third of the population, although here again they are more numerous in the east. Cf. D. Aïtoff: Peuples et langues de la Russie, _Ann. de Géogr._, Vol. 15, May 1909, pp. 9-25. [114] G. Bienaimé: La Pologne économique, _Bull. Soc. de Géogr. Comm. de Paris_, Vol. 37, Nos. 4-6, April-June, 1915, pp. 128-164. [115] G. Bienaimé: op. cit., p. 139.