3. The conception of the Above and Below=duality. The zenith is naturally associated with heaven and the nadir with earth. Heaven is father and earth is mother. Heaven is figured by a circle and earth by a square. “The marriage of Heaven and Earth produces all things.” The association of heaven with the male and earth with the female principles is shown by (1) the injunction: “Thou shalt honor thy father as the heaven and thy mother as the earth.” (2) In Pekin, the Emperor, termed “the Son of Heaven,” inhabits the “Palace of Heaven” whilst the Empress inhabits the “Palace of Earth’s repose.” The sun is male and the “Temple of the Sun” is situated to the east. The moon is female and the “Temple of the Moon” is situated to the west in the sacred enclosure at Pekin. The emblematic color of the heaven is naturally azure; of the sun, red; of the earth, yellow; and of the moon, white. It is thus evident that the cult of heaven and earth is indissolubly linked to that of the Yang and Yin, the male and the female principle, and that in China the following chains of association concerning duality were formed: Zenith. Nadir. Above. Below. Tien=Heaven. Tec=Earth. Father. Mother. Yang. Yin. Color: Azure. Yellow. Emblem: Sun. Moon. East=place of West, place of rising. setting. Light. Darkness. Day. Night. Personification: the The Earth-Mother. Shang-ti= Emperor=Above, The The Empress=Below? Lord of Heaven or Universe. Earthly The Empress? or representative: the Sombre Emperor? Light Emperor. An interesting addition to this dual list is the view of a modern Chinaman, that the Yang and Yin principles refer to positive and negative electricity! (Legge). A striking result of the association of woman with the nadir and earth is the fact that in Thibet, according to Rockhill, woman is designated as Smanba or Manba: “low creature.” THE MIDDLE AND FOUR QUARTERS.