In no other country have physicians' fees varied so much as in England. The Protestant divine and the physician have kept step together to the music of civilization and enlightenment. Both of these professions were held at a low estimation up to the Elizabethan era, when a young, unfledged M. D. from Oxford would gladly accept a situation in a lord's family for five or ten pounds a year, with his board, and lodgings in the garret, while, in addition to professional services he might act as sort of wise clown, "and be a patient listener, the solver of riddles, and the butt of ridicule for the family and guests. He might save the expense of a gardener--nail up the apricots; or a groom, and sometimes curry down and harness the horses; cast up the farrier's or butler's accounts, or carry a parcel or message across the country." As was said also of the divine, "Not one living in fifty enabled the incumbent to bring up a family comfortably. As the children multiplied, the household became more beggarly. Often it was only by toiling on his glebe, by feeding swine and by loading dung-carts, that he could gain his daily bread.... His sons followed the plough, and his daughters went out to service." Queen Elizabeth's physician in ordinary received one hundred pounds per annum and perquisites--"sustenance, wine, wax, and etceteras." Morgan, her apothecary, for one quarter's bill was paid £18 7_s._ 8_d._ A one pound fee, paid by the Earl of Cumberland to a Cambridge physician, was considered as exceptionally liberal, even for a nobleman to pay. Edward III. granted to his apothecary, who acted in the capacity of physician in those days, a salary amounting to six pence a day, and to Ricardus Wye, his surgeon, twelve pence per day, besides eight marks. (A mark was 13_s._ 4_d._) In the courts of the kings of Wales, the physicians and surgeons were the twelfth in rank, and whose fees were fixed by law. Dr. Caius was fortunate in holding position as physician to Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. Sir Theodore Mayerne was still more fortunate in having the honor of serving Henry IV. and Louis XIII. of France, and subsequently King James I., Charles I. and II. of England. Mayerne has been the subject of many anecdotes, of which the following is a sample:-- [Illustration: AN OLD ENGLISH CLERGYMAN AND HIS FAMILY.] A parsimonious friend, consulting Mayerne, laid two broad pieces of gold (sixty shillings) on the doctor's table, to express his generosity, as he felt safe that they would be immediately returned to him. But Mayerne quietly pocketed them, saying,-- "I made my will this morning, and if it became known that I had refused a fee, I might be deemed _non compos mentis_." [Illustration: THE KING'S PHYSICIAN AND THE EXECUTIONER.]