_Mammalia._--The monkey of Gibraltar and North Africa, and an allied species found in Japan, are now considered to belong to the extensive eastern genus _Macacus_. The former, however, is peculiar in the entire absence of the tail, and has by many naturalists, been held to form a distinct genus, _Inuus_, confined to the Palæarctic region. Of bats there are one or two genera (_Barbastellus_, _Plecotus_) which seem to be mainly or wholly Palæarctic, but the classification of these animals is in such an unsettled state that the distribution of the genera is of little importance. In the next order, Insectivora, we have almost the entire family of the Moles confined to the region. _Talpa_ just enters Northern India; and _Urotrichus_ is common to Japan and {182}North-Western America, but the remaining genera, six in number, are all exclusively Palæarctic. Among Carnivora we have _Nyctereutes_, the curious racoon-dog of Japan and North-Eastern Asia; _Lutronectes_, an otter peculiar to Japan; and the badger (_Meles_), which ranges over the whole region, and just enters the Oriental region as far as Hongkong; _Æluropus_, a curious form of the Himalayan panda, inhabiting the high mountains of Eastern Thibet; and _Pelagius_, a genus of seals, ranging from the shores of Madeira to the Black Sea. The Ungulata, or hoofed animals, are still more productive of forms peculiar to this region. First we have the Camels, whose native home is the desert region of Central and Western Asia and Northern Africa, and which, even in their domesticated condition, are confined almost wholly within the limits of the Palæarctic region. Of Deer we have six peculiar genera, _Dama_ and _Capreolus_ found in Europe, with _Elaphodus_, _Lophotragus_, _Hydropotes_, and _Moschus_, confined to Northern China and Mongolia. The great family Bovidæ--comprising the oxen, sheep, goats and antelopes--furnishes no less than seven peculiar Palæarctic genera. These are _Poephagus_, the yak of Thibet; _Addax_, a well-known antelope of Northern Africa and Syria; _Procapra_, _Pantholops_ and _Budorcas_, antelopine genera peculiar to Thibet and Mongolia; with _Rupicapra_ (the chamois), and the extraordinary large-nosed antelope _Saiga_, confined to Europe and Western Asia. Besides these we have _Capra_ (the wild sheep and goats), all the numerous species of which, except two, are exclusively Palæarctic. Coming to the Rodents, we have again many peculiar forms. Of Muridæ (the mouse and rat tribe), we have six peculiar genera, the more important being _Cricetus_, _Rhombomys Sminthus_, and _Myospalax_. Of Spalacidæ (mole-rats) both the Palæarctic genera, _Ellobius_ and _Spalax_, are peculiar. _Ctenodactylus_, a genus of the South American family Octodontidæ, is found only in North Africa. To these we may add _Myoxus_ (the dormice) and _Lagomys_ (the pikas or tail-less hares) as essentially Palæarctic, since but one species of each genus is found beyond the limits of the region.