All medieval accounts of the Creation culminate in the creation of man, as modern outlines of evolution conclude with man’s evolution from lower forms of life. Christian theology taught that the universe itself was made for man, a view that persists even to this day. Grosseteste asserted that when man “no longer requires the processes of generation and corruption which the movements of the heavens cause, the heaven itself will cease to move and time will be no longer.”[634] Rupert of Deutz explained that mountains were placed upon the earth to protect human beings against the winds.[635] But if the universe and all its parts were made for man, medieval thinkers held, with the Stoics of antiquity,[636] that man himself was a lesser universe (_minor mundus_), or microcosm, comprising all the elements both physical and spiritual which constitute the greater universe, or macrocosm. [Illustration: EXPLANATION OF FIG. 5—The human figure here represents the microcosm in the midst of the universe. The heads of the animals give rise to the winds, which Hildegard believed controlled the movements of the celestial bodies (see p. 171). The blast originating in the human head at the right and moving in a counter-clockwise direction runs opposite to the movement of the firmament. “This blast did not give forth his breath earthward as did the other winds, but instead thereof it governed the course of the planets” (_Liber div. op._, in: Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. cxcvii, col. 791, as cited by Singer, _op. cit._ p. 28). In another miniature from the same manuscript (fol. 9 ro) shown in Singer, _op. cit._, pl. VII, the universe is revealed in much the same manner with the human figure as the microcosm. There is also represented the macrocosm, as a larger figure standing behind and holding the sphere of the cosmos; only its head, feet, and hands appear. FIG. 5—The macrocosm, the microcosm, and the winds, from a miniature in an illustrated codex of Hildegard of Bingen’s _Liber divinorum operum_ in the Municipal Library at Lucca, fol. 27 vo. (Redrawn, by permission, from Singer, _Scientific Views and Visions of Saint Hildegard_, 1917, pl. VIII.) For explanation, see bottom of opposite page. ]