38. In the countries situated about 400 stadia south of the parallel of Alexandria and Cyrene, where the longest day consists of fourteen equinoctial hours, Arcturus passes the zenith, slightly declining towards the south. At Alexandria at the time of the equinox the proportion which the gnomon bears to the shadow is as five to seven.[943] Thus they are south of Carthage 1300 stadia, that is, admitting that in Carthage at the time of the equinox the proportion which the gnomon bears to the shadow is as eleven to seven. This parallel on the one side[944] passes by Cyrene and the regions 900 stadia south of Carthage as far as the midst of Maurusia;[945] and on the other side[946] through Egypt,[947] Cœlosyria, Upper Syria, Babylonia, Susiana,[948] Persia,[949] Carmania,[950] Upper Gedrosia,[951] and India. 39. At Ptolemais in Phœnicia,[952] and at Sidon[953] and Tyre,[954] the longest day consists of fourteen hours and a quarter. These cities are north of Alexandria by about 1600 stadia, and north of Carthage about 700. In the Peloponnesus, and about the middle of Rhodes, at Xanthus[955] in Lycia, or a little to the south of this place, and at 400 stadia south of Syracuse,[956] the longest day consists of fourteen and a half equinoctial hours. These places are distant from Alexandria 3640 stadia.... This parallel, according to Eratosthenes, passes through Caria, Lycaonia, Cataonia, Media, the Caspian Gates, and India next the Caucasus.[957] 40. In the parts of the Troad next Alexandria[958] in Amphipolis,[959] Apollonia in Epirus,[960] the countries just south of Rome and north of Neapolis, the longest day consists of fifteen hours. This parallel is distant from that of Alexandria in Egypt 7000 stadia to the north, above 28,800 stadia north of the equator, and 3400 stadia from the parallel of Rhodes; it is south of Byzantium, Nicæa,[961] and Marseilles 1500 stadia. The parallel of Lysimachia[962] is a little to the north, and according to Eratosthenes passes through Mysia,[963] Paphlagonia, Sinope,[964] Hyrcania,[965] and Bactra.[966] 41. About Byzantium the longest day consists of fifteen and a quarter equinoctial hours; the proportion borne by the gnomon to the shadow at the summer solstice, is as 120 to 42, minus one-fifth. These places are distant[967] from the middle of Rhodes about 4900 stadia, and 30,300 from the equator. Sailing into the Euxine and advancing 1400 stadia to the north, the longest day is found to consist of fifteen and a half equinoctial hours. These places are equi-distant between the pole and equatorial circle; the arctic circle is at their zenith, the star in the neck of Cassiopeia is within this circle, the star forming the right elbow of Perseus being a little more to the north.