25. The division into provinces has varied at different periods, but at present it is that established by Augustus Cæsar; for after the sovereign power had been conferred upon him by his country for life, and he had become the arbiter of peace and war, he divided the whole empire into two parts, one of which he reserved to himself, the other he assigned to the (Roman) people. The former consisted of such parts as required military defence, and were barbarian, or bordered upon nations not as yet subdued, or were barren and uncultivated, which though ill provided with everything else, were yet well furnished with strongholds, and might thus dispose the inhabitants to throw off the yoke and rebel. All the rest, which were peaceable countries, and easily governed without the assistance of arms, were given over to the (Roman) people. Each of these parts was subdivided into several provinces, which received respectively the titles of “provinces of Cæsar” and “provinces of the People.” To the former provinces Cæsar appoints governors and administrators, and divides the (various) countries sometimes in one way, sometimes in another, directing his political conduct according to circumstances. But the people appoint commanders and consuls to their own provinces, which are also subject to divers divisions when expediency requires it. (Augustus Cæsar) in his first organization of (the Empire) created two consular governments, namely, (1.) the whole of Africa in possession of the Romans, excepting that part which was under the authority, first of Juba, but now of his son Ptolemy; and (2.) Asia within the Halys and Taurus, except the Galatians and the nations under Amyntas, Bithynia, and the Propontis. He appointed also ten consular governments in Europe and in the adjacent islands. Iberia Ulterior (Further Spain) about the river Bætis[1026] and Celtica Narbonensis[1027] (composed the two first). The third was Sardinia, with Corsica; the fourth Sicily; the fifth and sixth Illyria, districts near Epirus, and Macedonia; the seventh Achaia, extending to Thessaly, the Ætolians, Acarnanians, and the Epirotic nations who border upon Macedonia; the eighth Crete, with Cyrenæa; the ninth Cyprus; the tenth Bithynia, with the Propontis and some parts of Pontus. Cæsar possesses other provinces, to the government of which he appoints men of consular rank, commanders of armies, or knights;[1028] and in his (peculiar) portion (of the empire) there are and ever have been kings, princes, and (municipal) magistrates. END OF VOL. III. FOOTNOTES: [1] Book xii. c. iii. 39. Vol. ii. page 311, 312. [2] Book xiii. c. iv. § 8. Vol. ii. page 405. [3] Book x. c. iv. § 10, and book xii. c. iii. § 33. Vol. ii. pp. 197, 307, of this Translation. [4] Book xiv. c. i. § 48. Vol. iii. p. 26. [5] Book xiv. c. v. § 4. Vol. iii. p. 53. [6] Book xii. c. iii. § 16. Vol. ii. p. 296, 380. [7] c. ii. § 24. Vol. iii. p. 173.