[653] Solomon’s conduit was constructed on the hydraulic principle, that water rises to its own level. The Romans subsequently, being ignorant of this principle, constructed an aqueduct. [654] Balsamodendron Giliadense. Pliny xii. 25. [655] Medicago arborea. [656] The pistachia, b. xv. c. ii. § 10. [657] In. b. xvi. c. ii. § 16, our author says that it is found on the borders of the Lake Gennesareth. [658] It yields, during the hot season, an immense quantity of toddy or palm wine. [659] Obtained by boiling the branches of the balsamodendron in water, and skimming off the resin. [660] Strabo here commits the singular error of confounding the Lake Asphaltites, or the Dead Sea, with the Lake Sirbonis. Letronne attempts to explain the origin of the error. According to Josephus, the Peræa, or that part of Judæa which is on the eastern side of the Jordan, between the lake of Tiberias and the Dead Sea, contained a district (the exact position of which is not well known, but which, according to Josephus, could not be far from the Lake Asphaltites) called Silbonitis. The resemblance of this name to Sirbonis probably misled our author. [661] Specific gravity 1·211, a degree of density scarcely to be met with in any other natural water. Marcet’s Analysis. Philos. Trans. part ii. page 298. 1807. [662] By chrysocolla of the ancients is generally understood borax, which cannot however be meant in this passage. It may probably here mean uric acid, the colour of which is golden. [663] A place near the Lake Asphaltites, called Masada by Josephus, de B. Jud. iv. 24, v. 3. [664] Genesis xiv. and Wisdom x. 6: “the fire which fell down on the five cities.” [665] In this quotation from Eratosthenes we are probably to understand the Lake Sirbonis, and not the Dead Sea; a continuation, in fact, of Strabo’s first error. The translator adopts Kramer’s suggestion of Θετταλίαν for θάλατταν in the text. [666] “The salting station,” on the lake of Gennesareth. [667] It has been a subject of dispute whether Herod was of Jewish or Idumæan origin. [668] Herod went to Rome B. C. 38, and obtained from the senate the title of king. In the dispute between Octavius and Antony, he espoused the cause of the latter. Octavius not only pardoned him and confirmed him in his title, but also added other cities to his dominions. B. C. 18. [669] The chief promoters of the crimes of Herod were Salome his sister, who desired to gratify her hatred; and Antipater, who aimed at the throne. Herod, influenced by their misrepresentations, put to death Mariamne his wife, Aristobulus her brother, and Alexandra her mother; also his sons Aristobulus and Alexander, besides Antipater, a third son, who had conspired against his life.