[1013] Carneades was born about B. C. 213. In the year B. C. 155, when he was fifty-eight years old, he was chosen with Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, to go as ambassador to Rome, to deprecate the fine of 500 talents, which had been imposed on the Athenians, for the destruction of Oropus. During his stay at Rome, he attracted great notice from his eloquent declamations on philosophical subjects, and it was here that, in the presence of Cato the Elder, he delivered his famous orations on Justice. The first oration was in commendation of virtue; in the second justice was proved not to be a virtue, but a mere matter of compact, for the maintenance of civil society. The honest mind of Cato was shocked at this, and he moved the senate to send the philosopher home to his school, and save the Roman youth from his demoralizing doctrines. He left no writings, and all that is known of his lectures is derived from his intimate friend and pupil, Cleitomachus. See Smith, Dict. of Greek and Roman Biography. [1014] Marsa-al-Halal or Al Natroun. [1015] Ras-al-Tyn. [1016] Grabusa. [1017] Ras-el-Milhr. [1018] Marsa Sollom, or Akabet-el-Kebira, the present boundary of Tripoli and Egypt. [1019] Baretoun or Berek Marsa. [1020] Kramer’s reading of this passage is followed. [1021] Groskurd has a long note on this passage, and reads τοὺς κατ’ αὐτὸν Νασαμῶνας. The words in the original text, τοὺς κατ’ αὐτὸ μαλακῶς, present the great difficulty; but Kramer reads τοῦ for τοὺς, and has adopted in the text Falconer’s proposed correction, κατ’ Αὐτόμαλά πως. The name Augila is wanting in the text; it is supplied by Groskurd, and approved by Kramer, who refers to Herod. iv. 172, 182. [1022] Aujela, an oasis in the desert of Barca; it still retains its ancient name, and forms one of the chief stations on the caravan route from Cairo to Fezzan. [1023] Τῆς καθ’ ἡμᾶς οἰκουμένης, Groskurd translates as inhabited to our time; but Strabo refers to the then known world, having before, b. i. c. iv. § 6, in a remarkable manner conjectured the existence of other habitable worlds (such as America) in the latitude of Athens. “We call that (part of the temperate zone) the habitable earth (οἰκουμένην) in which we dwell, and with which we are acquainted; but it is possible, that in the same temperate zone there may be two or even more habitable earths, especially near the circle of latitude drawn through Athens and the Atlantic Ocean.” The latitudes of Athens and Washington do not differ by one degree. [1024] B. vi. c. iv. § 2. [1025] B. ii. c. v. § 31. [1026] Guadalquiver (Wad-el-Kebir, the Great River). [1027] B. iv. c. i. § 6. [1028] B. iii. c. iv. § 20. INDEX. Aarassus, t. of Pisidia, ii. 324. Aba, daughter of Zenophanes, iii. 56. ——, Abæ, t. of Phocis, ii. 122, 151. Abaïtæ, ii. 402. Abaïtis, district of Phrygia, ii. 333. Abantes (Eubœans), ii. 151. Abantis (Eubœa), ii. 151. Abaris, i. 463.