Ann. Rept. 9, 1875: p. 31-101. [Illustration: Petroglyphs] Footnotes [1]Reports referred to in this and some of the subsequent footnotes are listed under “References” by authors in alphabetical order, followed by year of publication, and other pertinent data. The report just referred to is listed as Lohman, 1965a. Other reports of interest are similarly listed under “Additional reading.” [2]Lohman, 1965b. [3]Lohman, 1974. [4]Lohman, 1975. [5]For a very interesting account of this colorful character, see Look, 1961-62. My statements regarding Otto were taken mainly from this account. [6]So-called buffalo are actually bison. [7]1961-62, p. 19-21. [8]Just west of the T-intersection of Monument Road and the eastern segment of South Broadway. [9]Wormington and Lister, 1956, p. 81, 119-122. [10]Archaeological survey of Colorado National Monument, 1963, by George Stroh, Jr., and George H. Ewing, with laboratory assistance by William D. Wade. Unpublished duplicated manuscript, 62 p., map, March 1964. For copies of this and other reports or discussions of the subject, or both, I am greatly indebted to: Adrienne Anderson, Regional Archaeologist, Rocky Mountain Region, National Park Service, Denver; Bruce Rippeteau, State Archaeologist, Denver; John Crouch, District Archaeologist, Bureau of Land Management, Grand Junction; H. Marie Wormington, Anthropologist Emeritus, Denver Museum of Natural History; and Al Look, Grand Junction. Copies of this and other unpublished reports referred to are on file at the headquarters of the Monument. [11]Many of the cliff faces of the Wingate Sandstone, and in parts of the Plateau other sandstones also, are darkened or blackened by desert varnish, a natural pigment of iron and manganese oxides, silica, and clay. (See fig. 32.) The varnish is darker on cliff faces that have been standing longer. The prehistoric inhabitants of the canyon country learned that effective and enduring designs could be created simply by chiseling through the thin dark layer to reveal the buff, tan, or pink sandstone beneath. These petroglyphs were chiseled when the rock face was vertical; afterwards the slab fell to a horizontal position. [12]The Fremont people were mainly hunters who roamed the Plateau around A.D. 850 or 900. (See Jennings, 1970.) [13]Taken mainly from Colorado State Planning Commission, 1959, Hamilton, 1956, Beckwith, 1854, and Hayden, 1877. [14]Taken largely from Dellenbaugh, 1902. [15]Information regarding Kodel and his mine was obtained mainly from Al Look and C. Frank Moore of Grand Junction and Mrs. Irving C. Beard of Fruita. [16]For details see Lohman, 1965a. [17]See Lohman, 1974.