The Glaciers of the Alps: Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, an account of the origin and phenomena of glaciers and an exposition of the physical principles to which they are relatedTyndall, John
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The Glaciers of the Alps: Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, an account of the origin and phenomena of glaciers and an exposition of the physical principles to which they are related
Tyndall, John
Alps -- Description and travel; Glaciers -- Alps
In page 60 of the volume referred to there is a passage which shows that
the "veined structure" of the glacier had not escaped him, though it
would seem that he ascribed it to stratification. "When," he writes, "we
perceive the profile of a glacier on the walls of a crevasse, we see
different layers distinct in colour, but more particularly in density;
some seem to have the hardness, as they have the greenish colour, of
glass; others preserve the whiteness and porosity of the snow." There is
also a very close resemblance between his views of the influence of
"time and cohesion" and those of Prof. Forbes. "We may conclude," he
writes, "that _time_, favouring the action of _affinity_, and the
pressure of the layers one upon the other, causes the little crystals of
which snow is composed to approach each other, bring them into contact,
and convert them into ice."[C] Regelation also appears to have attracted
his notice.[D] "When we fill an ice-house," he writes, "we break the ice
into very small fragments; afterwards we wet it with water 8 or 10
degrees above zero (Cent.) in temperature; but, notwithstanding this,
the whole is converted into a compact mass of ice." He moreover
maintains, in almost the same language as Prof. Forbes,[E] the opinion,
that ice has always an inner temperature lower than zero (Cent.). He
believed this to be a property "inherent to ice." "Never," he says, "can
a calorific ray pass the first surface of ice to raise the temperature
of the interior."[F]
[Sidenote: OBSERVATIONS AND HYPOTHESES.]
He notices the direction of the glacier as influencing the wasting of
its ridges by the sun's heat; ascribing to it the effect to which I have
referred in explaining the wave-like forms upon the surface of the Mer
de Glace. His explanation of the Moulins, too, though insufficient,
assigns a true cause, and is an excellent specimen of physical
reasoning.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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