546 Leviticus xvi. Modern Jews sacrifice a white cock on the eve of the Festival of Expiation, nine days after the beginning of their New Year. The father of the family knocks the cock thrice against his own head, saying, “Let this cock be a substitute for me, let it take my place, let death be laid upon this cock, but a happy life bestowed on me and on all Israel.” Then he cuts its throat and dashes the bird violently on the ground. The intestines are thrown on the roof of the house. The flesh of the cock was formerly given to the poor. Buxtorf, _Synagoga Judaica_, c. xxv. 547 S. Crowther and J. C. Taylor, _The Gospel on the Banks of the Niger_, pp. 343-345. Cp. J. F. Schon and S. Crowther, _Journals_, p. 48 _sq._ The account of the custom by J. Africanus B. Horton (_West African Countries and Peoples_ p. 185 _sq._) is entirely from Taylor. 548 Turpin, “History of Siam,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, ix. 579. 549 Ködding, “Die Bataksche Götter,” _Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift_, xii. (1885) pp. 476, 478. 550 The ceremony referred to is probably the one performed on the tenth day, as described in the text. 551 “Report of a Route Survey by Pundit—from Nepal to Lhasa,” etc., _Journal Royal Geogr. Soc._ xxxviii. (1868) pp. 167, 170 _sq._; “Four Years’ Journeying through Great Tibet, by one of the Trans-Himalayan Explorers,” _Proceed. Royal Geogr. Soc._ N.S. vii. (1885) p. 67 _sq._ 552 Aeneas Sylvius, _Opera_ (Bâle, 1571), p. 423 _sq._ 553 Usener, “Italische Mythen,” _Rheinisches Museum_, N.F. xxx. 198. 554 J. Thomas Phillips, _Account of the Religion, Manners, and Learning of the People of Malabar_, pp. 6, 12 _sq._ 555 Herodotus, ii. 39. 556 Herodotus, ii. 38-41; Wilkinson, _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians_, iii. 403 _sqq._ (ed. 1878). 557 Herodotus, _l.c._ 558 See above, pp. 95 _sqq._, 137 _sq._ _ 559 Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii. No. 335. 560 Strabo, xi. 4, 7. For the custom of standing upon a sacrificed victim, cp. Demosthenes, p. 642; Pausanias, iii. 20, 9.