Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, pp. 11 _sq._ On the diffusion of the round hut in Africa Sir H. H. Johnston says: “The original form of house throughout all British Central Africa was what the majority of the houses still are—circular and somewhat like a beehive in shape, with round walls of wattle and daub and thatched roof. This style of house is characteristic of (_a_) all Africa south of the Zambezi; (_b_) all British Central Africa; as much of the Portuguese provinces of Zambezia and Moçambique as are not under direct Portuguese or Muhammedan influence which may have introduced the rectangular dwelling; (_c_) all East Africa up to and including the Egyptian Sudan, where Arab influence has not introduced the oblong rectangular building; (_d_) the Central Nigerian Sudan, much of Senegambia, and perhaps the West Coast of Africa as far east and south as the Gold Coast, subject, of course, to the same limitations as to foreign influence” (_British Central Africa_, London, 1897, P. 453). Footnote 740: J. Marquardt, _Römische Staatsverwaltung_, iii. 2nd Ed., pp. 250, 341 _sq._ Footnote 741: J. Marquardt, _op. cit._ iii. 2nd Ed., pp. 340 _sq._; _Journal of Philology_, xiv. (1885) pp. 155 _sq._ Footnote 742: Livy, i. 3 _sq._; Dionysius Halicarnasensis, _Antiquit. Rom._ i. 76 _sq._; Plutarch, _Romulus_, 3. Footnote 743: Plutarch, _Numa_, 10; Dionysius Halicarnasensis, _Ant. Rom._ ii. 67. 4, viii. 89. 5. Footnote 744: The suggestion is due to Mr. M. A. Bayfield (_Classical Review_, xv. 1901, p. 448). He compares the similar execution of the princess Antigone (Sophocles, _Antigone_, 773 _sqq._). However, we must remember that a custom of burying people alive has been practised as a punishment or a sacrifice by Romans, Persians, and Germans, even when the victims were not of royal blood. See Livy, xxii. 57. 6; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 12; Plutarch, _Marcellus_, 3; _id._, _Quaest. Rom._ 83; Herodotus, vii. 114; J. Grimm, _Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer_, 3rd Ed., pp. 694 _sq._ As to the objection to spill royal blood, see _The Golden Bough_, Second Edition, i. 354 _sq._ Footnote 745: See above, p. 215. Footnote 746: Ovid, _Fasti_, iv. 629-672. Compare Varro, _De lingua Latina_, vi. 15; Joannes Lydus, _De mensibus_, iv. 49. Footnote 747: Ovid, _Fasti_, iv. 731-782. See below, p. 326. Footnote 748: Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 39; “_Quamquam religione tutatur et fascinus, imperatorum quoque, non solum infantium custos, qui deus inter sacra Romana Vestalibus colitur_.” Footnote 749: Virgil, _Georg._ i. 498; Ovid, _Fasti_, iv. 828; G. Henzen, _Acta fratrum Arvalium_, pp. 124, 147; H. Dessau, _Inscriptiones Latinae selectae_, Nos. 5047, 5048. Ennius represented Vesta as the mother of Saturn and Titan. See Lactantius, _Divin. inst._ i. 14. Footnote 750: Augustine, _De civitate Dei_, iv. 10. Footnote 751: See above, pp. 195 _sqq._