The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 03 of 12)Frazer, James George
Religion
The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 03 of 12)
Frazer, James George
Magic; Mythology; Religion; Superstition
if a man called Waa (“crow”) departed this life, during the period of
mourning for him nobody might call a crow a _waa_; everybody had to speak
of the bird as a _narrapart_. When a person who rejoiced in the title of
Ringtail Opossum (_weearn_) had gone the way of all flesh, his sorrowing
relations and the tribe at large were bound for a time to refer to
ringtail opossums by the more sonorous name of _manuungkuurt_. If the
community were plunged in grief for the loss of a respected female who
bore the honourable name of Turkey Bustard, the proper name for turkey
bustards, which was _barrim barrim_, went out, and _tillit tilliitsh_ came
in. And so _mutatis mutandis_ with the names of Black Cockatoo, Grey Duck,
Gigantic Crane, Kangaroo, Eagle, Dingo, and the rest.(1365)
(M216) A similar custom used to be constantly transforming the language of
the Abipones of Paraguay, amongst whom, however, a word once abolished
seems never to have been revived. New words, says the missionary
Dobrizhoffer, sprang up every year like mushrooms in a night, because all
words that resembled the names of the dead were abolished by proclamation
and others coined in their place. The mint of words was in the hands of
the old women of the tribe, and whatever term they stamped with their
approval and put in circulation was immediately accepted without a murmur
by high and low alike, and spread like wildfire through every camp and
settlement of the tribe. You would be astonished, says the same
missionary, to see how meekly the whole nation acquiesces in the decision
of a withered old hag, and how completely the old familiar words fall
instantly out of use and are never repeated either through force of habit
or forgetfulness. In the seven years that Dobrizhoffer spent among these
Indians the native word for jaguar was changed thrice, and the words for
crocodile, thorn, and the slaughter of cattle underwent similar though
less varied vicissitudes. As a result of this habit, the vocabularies of
the missionaries teemed with erasures, old words having constantly to be
struck out as obsolete and new ones inserted in their place.(1366)
Similarly, a peculiar feature of the Comanche language is that a portion
of the vocabulary is continually changing. If, for example, a person
called Eagle or Bison dies, a new name is invented for the bird or beast,
because it is forbidden to mention the name of any one who is dead.(1367)
So amongst the Kiowa Indians all words that suggest the name of a deceased
person are dropped for a term of years and other words are substituted for
them. The old word may after the lapse of years be restored, but it often
happens that the new one keeps its place and the original word is entirely
forgotten. Old men sometimes remember as many as three different names
which have been successively used for the same thing. The new word is
commonly a novel combination of existing roots, or a novel use of a
current word, rather than a deliberately invented term.(1368)
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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