2 The equivalence of Tammuz and Adonis has been doubted or denied by some scholars, as by Renan (_Mission de Phénicie_, Paris, 1864, pp. 216, 235) and by Chwolsohn (_Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus_, St. Petersburg, 1856, ii. 510). But the two gods are identified by Origen (_Selecta in Ezechielem_, Migne’s _Patrologia Graeca_, xiii. 797), Jerome (_Epist._ lviii. 3 and _Commentar. in Ezechielem_, viii. 13, 14, Migne’s _Patrologia Latina_, xxii. 581, xxv. 82), Cyril of Alexandria (_In Isaiam_, lib. ii. tomus. iii., and _Comment. on Hosea_, iv. 15, Migne’s _Patrologia Graeca_, lxx. 441, lxxi. 136), Theodoretus (_In Ezechielis cap._ viii., Migne’s _Patrologia Graeca_, lxxxi. 885), the author of the Paschal Chronicle (Migne’s _Patrologia Graeca_, xcii. 329) and Melito (in W. Cureton’s _Spicilegium Syriacum_, London, 1855, p. 44); and accordingly we may fairly conclude that, whatever their remote origin may have been, Tammuz and Adonis were in the later period of antiquity practically equivalent to each other. Compare W. W. Graf Baudissin, _Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte_ (Leipsic, 1876-1878), i. 299; _id._, in _Realencyclopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirchengeschichte_,3 _s.v._ “Tammuz”; _id._, _Adonis und Esmun_ (Leipsic, 1911), pp. 94 _sqq._; W. Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_ (Berlin, 1877), pp. 273 _sqq._; Ch. Vellay, “Le dieu Thammuz,” _Revue de l’Histoire des Religions_, xlix. (1904) pp. 154-162. Baudissin holds that Tammuz and Adonis were two different gods sprung from a common root (_Adonis und Esmun_, p. 368). An Assyrian origin of the cult of Adonis was long ago affirmed by Macrobius (_Sat._ i. 21. 1). On Adonis and his worship in general see also F. C. Movers, _Die Phoenizier_, i. (Bonn, 1841) pp. 191 _sqq._; W. H. Engel, _Kypros_ (Berlin, 1841), ii. 536 _sqq._; Ch. Vellay, _Le culte et les fêtes d’ Adonis-Thammouz dans l’Orient antique_ (Paris, 1904). M5 Tammuz or Adonis in Babylonia. His worship seems to have originated with the Sumerians. 3 The mourning for Adonis is mentioned by Sappho, who flourished about 600 B.C. See Th. Bergk’s _Poetae Lyrici Graeci_,3 iii. (Leipsic, 1867) p. 897; Pausanias, ix. 29. 8. 4 Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_,2 i. 2 (Berlin, 1909), pp. 394 _sq._; W. W. Graf Baudissin, _Adonis und Esmun_, pp. 65 _sqq._ _ 5 Encyclopaedia Biblica_, ed. T. K. Cheyne and J. S. Black, iii. 3327. In the Old Testament the title _Adoni_, “my lord,” is frequently given to men. See, for example, Genesis xxxiii. 8, 13, 14, 15, xlii. 10, xliii. 20, xliv. 5, 7, 9, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24.