352 [S. Clementis Romani,] _Recognitiones_, x. 24, p. 233, ed. E. G. Gersdorf (Migne’s _Patrologia Graeca_, i. 1434). 353 Josephus, _Antiquit. Jud._ viii. 5. 3, _Contra Apionem_, i. 18. Whether the quadriennial festival of Hercules at Tyre (2 Maccabees iv. 18-20) was a different celebration, or only “the awakening of Melcarth,” celebrated with unusual pomp once in four years, we do not know. 354 Eudoxus of Cnidus, quoted by Athenaeus, ix. 47, p. 392 D, E. That the death and resurrection of Melcarth were celebrated in an annual festival at Tyre has been recognised by scholars. See Raoul-Rochette, “Sur l’Hercule Assyrien et Phénicien,” _Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres_, xvii. Deuxième Partie (Paris, 1848), pp. 25 _sqq._; H. Hubert et M. Mauss, “Essai sur le sacrifice,” _L’Année Sociologique_, ii. (1899) pp. 122, 124; M. J. Lagrange, _Études sur les Religions Sémitiques_,2 pp. 308-311. Iolaus is identified by some modern scholars with Eshmun, a Phoenician and Carthaginian deity about whom little is known. See F. C. Movers, _Die Phoenizier_, i. (Bonn, 1841) pp. 536 _sqq._; F. Baethgen, _Beiträge zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte_ (Berlin, 1888), pp. 44 _sqq._; C. P. Tiele, _Geschichte der Religion im Altertum_ (Gotha, 1896-1903), i. 268; W. W. Graf Baudissin, _Adonis und Esmun_, pp. 282 _sqq._ 355 Zenobius, _Centur._ v. 56 (_Paroemiographi Graeci_, ed. E. L. Leutsch et F. G. Schneidewin, Göttingen, 1839-1851, vol. i. p. 143). 356 Quails were perhaps burnt in honour of the Cilician Hercules or Sandan at Tarsus. See below, p. 126, note 2. 357 Alfred Newton, _Dictionary of Birds_ (London, 1893-96), p. 755. 358 H. B. Tristram, _The Fauna and Flora of Palestine_ (London, 1884), p. 124. For more evidence as to the migration of quails see Aug. Dillmann’s commentary on Exodus xvi. 13, pp. 169 _sqq._ (Leipsic, 1880). 359 The Tyrian Hercules was said to be a son of Zeus and Asteria (Eudoxus of Cnidus, quoted by Athenaeus, ix. 47, p. 392 D; Cicero, _De natura deorum_, iii. 16. 42). As to the transformation of Asteria into a quail see Apollodorus, _Bibliotheca_, i. 4. 1; J. Tzetzes, _Schol. on Lycophron_, 401; Hyginus, _Fab._ 53; Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ iii. 73. The name Asteria may be a Greek form of Astarte. See W. W. Graf Baudissin, _Adonis und Esmun_, p. 307. 360 Quintus Curtius, iv. 2. 10; Arrian, _Anabasis_, ii. 24. 5. M85 Worship of Melcarth at Gades, and trace of a custom of burning him there in effigy. 361 Strabo, iii. 5. 5, pp. 169 _sq._; Mela, iii. 46; Scymnus Chius, _Orbis Descriptio_, 159-161 (_Geographi Graeci Minores_, ed. C. Müller, i. 200 _sq._).