488 Strabo, xiv. 5. 19, p. 676. The expression of Strabo leaves it doubtful whether the ministers of the goddess were men or women. There was a headland called Sarpedon near the mouth of the Calycadnus River in Western Cilicia (Strabo, xiii. 4. 6, p. 627, xiv. 5. 4, p. 670), where Sarpedon or Sarpedonian Apollo had a temple and an oracle. The temple was hewn in the rock, and contained an image of the god. See R. Heberdey und A. Wilhelm, “Reisen in Kilikien,” _Denkschriften der kaiser. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosoph.-histor. Classe_, xliv. (Vienna, 1896) No. vi. pp. 100, 107. Probably this Sarpedonian Apollo was a native deity akin to Sarpedonian Artemis. 489 E. J. Davis, _Life in Asiatic Turkey_, pp. 128-134; J. T. Bent, “Recent Discoveries in Eastern Cilicia,” _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, xi. (1890) pp. 234 _sq._; E. L. Hicks, “Inscriptions from Eastern Cilicia,” _ibid._ pp. 243 _sqq._; R. Heberdey und A. Wilhelm, _op. cit._ pp. 25 _sqq._ The site of Hieropolis-Castabala was first identified by J. T. Bent by means of inscriptions. As to the coins of the city, see Fr. Imhoof-Blumer, “Zur Münzkunde Kilikiens,” _Zeitschrift für Numismatik_, x. (1883) pp. 267-290; G. F. Hill, _Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Lycaonia, Isauria, and Cilicia_, pp. c.-cii. 82-84, pl. xiv. 1-6; G. Macdonald, _Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection_, ii. 534 _sq._ 490 On the difference between Hieropolis and Hierapolis see (Sir) W. M. Ramsay, _Historical Geography of Asia Minor_, pp. 84 _sq._ According to him, the cities designated by such names grew up gradually round a sanctuary; where Greek influence prevailed the city in time eclipsed the sanctuary and became known as Hierapolis, or the Sacred City, but where the native element retained its predominance the city continued to be known as Hieropolis, or the City of the Sanctuary. 491 E. L. Hicks, “Inscriptions from Eastern Cilicia,” _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, xi. (1890) pp. 251-253; R. Heberdey und A. Wilhelm, _op. cit._ p. 26. These writers differ somewhat in their reading and restoration of the verses, which are engraved on a limestone basis among the ruins. I follow the version of Messrs. Heberdey and Wilhelm. 492 J. T. Bent and E. L. Hicks, _op. cit._ pp. 235, 246 _sq._; R. Heberdey und A. Wilhelm, _op. cit._ p. 27.