M165 Worship of volcanic phenomena in other lands. M166 The great volcano of Kirauea in Hawaii. 650 W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, Second Edition (London, 1832-1836), iv. 235 _sqq._ Mr. Ellis was the first European to visit and describe the tremendous volcano. His visit was paid in the year 1823. Compare _The Encyclopaedia Britannica_,9 xi. 531. 651 W. Ellis, _op. cit._ iv. 246 _sq._ M167 The divinities of the volcano. Offerings to the volcano. Priestess impersonating the goddess of the volcano. 652 W. Ellis, _op. cit._ iv. 248-250. 653 W. Ellis, _op. cit._ iv. 207, 234-236. The berries resemble currants in shape and size and grow on low bushes. “The branches small and clear, leaves alternate, obtuse with a point, and serrated; the flower was monopetalous, and, on being examined, determined the plant to belong to the class _decandria_ and order _monogynia_. The native name of the plant is _ohelo_” (W. Ellis, _op. cit._ iv. 234). 654 W. Ellis, _op. cit._ iv. 263. 655 W. Ellis, _op. cit._ iv. 350. 656 W. Ellis, _op. cit._ iv. 309-311. 657 W. Ellis, _op. cit._ iv. 361. M168 Sacrifices to volcanoes. Human victims thrown into volcanoes. Annual sacrifices to the volcano Bromo in Java. 658 Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés, _Historia General y Natural de las Indias_ (Madrid, 1851-1855), iv. 74. 659 A. C. Kruijt, _Het Animisme in den Indischen Archipel_ (The Hague, 1906), pp. 497 _sq._ 660 W. B. d’Almeida, _Life in Java_ (London, 1864), i. 166-173. 661 J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Die Tĕnggĕresen, ein alter Javanischer Volksstamm,” _Bijdragentot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, liii. (1901) pp. 84, 144-147. 662 J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, _op. cit._ pp. 100 _sq._ M169 Other sacrifices to volcanoes. 663 I. A. Stigand, “The Volcano of Smeroe, Java,” _The Geographical Journal_, xxviii. (1906) pp. 621, 624. 664 Pausanias, iii. 23. 9. Some have thought that Pausanias confused the crater of Etna with the _Lago di Naftia_, a pool near Palagonia in the interior of Sicily, of which the water, impregnated with naphtha and sulphur, is thrown into violent ebullition by jets of volcanic gas. See [Aristotle,] _Mirab. Auscult._ 57; Macrobius, _Saturn._ v. 19. 26 _sqq._; Diodorus Siculus, xi. 89; Stephanus Byzantius, _s.v._ Παλική; E. H. Bunbury, _s.v._ “Palicorum Iacus,” in W. Smith’s _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography_, ii. 533 _sq._ The author of the ancient Latin poem _Aetna_ says (vv. 340 _sq._) that people offered incense to the celestial deities on the top of Etna. M170 No evidence that the Asiatic custom of burning kings or gods was connected with volcanic phenomena. 665 See above, pp. 190 _sq._