M1 Osiris the Egyptian counterpart of Adonis and Attis. M2 The myth of Osiris. The Pyramid Texts. 1 See Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 12-20; R. V. Lanzone, _Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia_ (Turin, 1881-1884), vol. ii. pp. 692 _sqq._; A. Erman, _Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum_ (Tübingen, N.D.), pp. 365-369; _id._, _Die ägyptische Religion_2 (Berlin, 1909), pp. 38 _sqq._; A. Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Ägypter_ (Münster i. W. 1890), pp. 109 _sqq._; _id._, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_ (London, 1897), pp. 207 _sqq._; G. Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient Classique_, i. 172 _sqq._; E. A. Wallis Budge, _The Gods of the Egyptians_ (London, 1904), ii. 123 _sqq._; _id._, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_ (London, 1911), i. 1 _sqq._ 2 J. H. Breasted, _Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_ (London, 1912), pp. vii. _sq._, 77 _sqq._, 84 _sqq._, 91 _sqq._ Compare _id._, _History of the Ancient Egyptians_ (London, 1908), p. 68; Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_,2 i. 2. pp. 116 _sq._; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_ (London, 1911), i. 100 _sqq._ The first series of the texts was discovered in 1880 when Mariette’s workmen penetrated into the pyramid of King Pepi the First. Till then it had been thought by modern scholars that the pyramids were destitute of inscriptions. The first to edit the Pyramid Texts was Sir Gaston Maspero. M3 The Pyramid Texts intended to ensure the blissful immortality of Egyptian kings. 3 J. H. Breasted, _Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, pp. 91 _sq._ Among the earlier works referred to in the Pyramid Texts are “the chapter of those who ascend” and “the chapter of those who raise themselves up” (J. H. Breasted, _op. cit._ p. 85). From their titles these works would seem to have recorded a belief in the resurrection and ascension of the dead. M4 The story of Osiris in the Pyramid Texts. 4 This has been done by Professor J. H. Breasted in his _Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, pp. 18 _sqq._ M5 Osiris a son of the earth-god and the sky-goddess. 5 In Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 12, we must clearly read ἑβδομηκοστὸν δεύτερον with Scaliger and Wyttenbach for the ἑβδομηκοστόν of the MSS. 6 Herodotus, ii. 4, with A. Wiedemann’s note; L. Ideler, _Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie_ (Berlin, 1825-1826), i. 94 _sqq._; A. Erman, _Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum_, pp. 468 _sq._; G. Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient Classique_, i. 208 _sq._