138 Hippolytus, _Refutatio Omnium Haeresium_, v. 8, p. 162, ed. L. Duncker et F. G. Schneidewin (Göttingen, 1859). The word which the poet uses to express the revelation (δεῖξε, _Hymn to Demeter_, verse 474) is a technical one in the mysteries; the full phrase was δεικνύναι τὰ ἱερά. See Plutarch, _Alcibiades_, 22; Xenophon, _Hellenica_, vi. 3. 6; Isocrates, _Panegyricus_, 6; Lysias, _Contra Andocidem_, 51; Chr. A. Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_, p. 51. 139 Clement of Alexandria, _Protrept._ ii. 12, p. 12 ed. Potter: Δηὼ δὲ καὶ Κόρη δρᾶμα ἤδη ἐγενέσθην μυστικόν; καὶ τὴν πλάνην καὶ τὴν ἀρπαγὴν καὶ τὸ πένθος αὐταῖν Ἐλευσὶς δᾳδουχεῖ. Compare F. Lenormant, _s.v._ “Eleusinia,” in Daremberg et Saglio, _Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines_ iii. 578: “_Que le drame mystique des aventures de Déméter et de Coré constituât le spectacle essentiel de l’initiation, c’est ce dont il nous semble impossible de douter_.” A similar view is expressed by G. F. Schoemann (_Griechische Alterthümer_,4 ii. 402); Preller-Robert (_Griechische Mythologie_, i. 793); P. Foucart (_Recherches sur l’Origine et la Nature des Mystères d’Eleusis_, Paris, 1895, pp. 43 _sqq._; _id._, _Les Grands Mystères d’Eleusis_, Paris, 1900, p. 137); E. Rohde (_Psyche_,3 i. 289); and L. R. Farnell (_The Cults of the Greek States_, iii. 134, 173 _sqq._). M30 Demeter and Persephone personifications of the corn. Persephone the seed sown in autumn and sprouting in spring. Demeter the old corn of last year. The view that Demeter was the Earth goddess is implicitly rejected by the author of the Homeric _Hymn to Demeter_. 140 On Demeter and Proserpine as goddesses of the corn, see L. Preller, _Demeter und Persephone_ (Hamburg, 1837), pp. 315 _sqq._; and especially W. Mannhardt, _Mythologische Forschungen_ (Strasburg, 1884), pp. 202 _sqq._ 141 According to the author of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter (verses 398 _sqq._, 445 _sqq._) and Apollodorus (_Bibliotheca_, i. 5. 3) the time which Persephone had to spend under ground was one third of the year; according to Ovid (_Fasti_, iv. 613 _sq._; _Metamorphoses_, v. 564 _sqq._) and Hyginus (_Fabulae_, 146) it was one half. 142 This view of the myth of Persephone is, for example, accepted and clearly stated by L. Preller (_Demeter und Persephone_, pp. 128 _sq._).