Cattle sacrificed at holy oak, i. 181; protected against sorcery by sprigs of mullein, 190; fire carried round, 201, 206; driven out to pasture in spring and back in autumn, 223; acquire the gift of speech on Christmas Eve, 254; driven through the need-fire, 270 _sqq._; killed by fairy darts, 303; lighted brands carried round, 341; thought to benefit by festivals of fire, ii. 4, 7; fumigated with smoke of Midsummer herbs, 53 —— and sheep driven through, round, or between bonfires, i. 108, 109, 141, 154, 157, 158, 159, 165, 175, 176, 179, 185, 188, 192, 202, 203, 204, 301, ii. 8, 9, 11 _sq._, 13 —— disease, the Midsummer fires a protection against, i. 176; attributed to witchcraft, 302 _sq._, 343 —— -plague, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, i. 270 _sqq._; sacrifice of an animal to stay a, 300 _sqq._ —— -rearing tribes of South Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 79 _sq._ Cave, initiation of medicine-men by spirits in a, ii. 237 _sqq._ —— of Cruachan, the “Hell-gate of Ireland,” i. 226 Cedar-bark, red, used in ceremonies of a secret society, ii. 271 Celebes, Macassar in, i. 14; souls of persons removed for safety from their bodies in, ii. 153 _sq._ ——, Central, the Toradjas of, i. 311 _sqq._ ——, Southern, birth-trees in, ii. 164 Celibacy of the Vestal Virgins, i. 138 _n._ 5 Celtic bisection of the year, i. 223 —— population, their superstition as to Snake Stones, i. 15 —— stories of the external soul, ii. 126 _sqq._ Celts, their two great fire-festivals on the Eve of May Day and Hallowe’en, i. 222, 224; the oak worshipped by the, ii. 89 ——, the British, their chief fire-festivals, Beltane and Hallowe’en, ii. 40 _sq._ —— of Brittany, their use of mistletoe, ii. 320 —— of Gaul, their human sacrifices, ii. 32 _sq._; the victims perhaps witches and wizards, 41 _sq._; W. Mannhardt’s theory, 43 —— of Ireland, their new fire on Hallowe’en, i. 139 —— of northern Italy, ii. 320 Celts (prehistoric implements) called “thunderbolts,” i. 14 _sq._ Central Provinces of India, cure for fever in the, ii. 190 Ceos, Greek island of, sick children passed through a cleft oak in, ii. 172 Ceram, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 36; belief that strength of young people is in their hair in, ii. 158; rites of initiation to the Kakian association in, 249 _sqq._ Ceremony, magical, to ensure fertility of women, i. 23 _sq._, 31 Cetraro in Calabria, Easter custom at, i. 123 Ceylon, the king of, and his external soul, ii. 102 Chaco, the Gran, i. 58; marriage custom of Indians of the, i. 75; Indians of the, i. 98 _n._ 1 ——, the Paraguayan, i. 56 Chadwick, Professor H. M., i. 103 _n._ Chaka, Zulu king, ii. 212 _n._ Chalk, white, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, ii. 241 Chambers, E. K., on the Celtic bisection of the year, i. 223 “Charcoal Man” at Midsummer, ii. 26 _n._ 2