The receipts from the sultan’s fifth of booty taken in war, which included slaves, must have been considerable up to the end of Suleiman’s reign. They were all devoted, however, to the support of the Moslem Institution.[590] Tribute came in from several countries, as Moldavia, Wallachia, Transylvania, Ragusa, from Venice for Cyprus, and after 1547 from Austria for Hungary. This was forced up whenever possible as punishment for unrest, and was shared by the sultan with high officials.[591] Confiscations of the property of executed persons brought several great sums to Suleiman. The estates of _kullar_ who died without children, and the tithes of the estates of those who left children, constituted a valuable though irregular revenue.[592] The great treasure of the prince of Gujarat came to Suleiman after the prince’s death.[593] Something was realized from the administration of the estates of fief-holders who died without sons; but the lands of these had to be granted again before long in order to keep up the strength of the feudal army.[594] Fees connected with the administration of justice went directly to the support of the judges and other officials concerned.[595] With regular taxation nearly stationary, the increase from extraordinary sources did not keep pace with advancing expenditures.[596] Suleiman’s expenses grew particularly in regard to the fleet and the household. Some Western writers remarked that the sultan was put to no expense by war, since his standing army required to be paid in peace as well as in war, and since the remainder of his troops came at their own expense.[597] It is true that his additional expenditure was small as compared with that for a contemporary Western army, built from a small permanent nucleus by the hiring of mercenaries and the levy of national troops which had to be supported by the treasury; but the sultan had to replace large quantities of munitions of war that were used up or destroyed, and great numbers of animals of transport. Moreover, the Janissaries and _Spahis_ had to be placated at times by presents, and it was more expensive to feed the army in the field than in the barracks. But the fleet was a great and growing expense, despite the extent to which it was supported by raiding and by revenues from North Africa;[598] and the luxury and splendor of the Magnificent Sultan’s court grew apace. In spite of fresh conquests and large confiscations, therefore, Suleiman learned to feel the need of money. He found it necessary to compel his great officials to help him, by exacting sums of money from them at the time of their appointment.[599] These sums were moderate, but, as already pointed out, they set a fatal example.[600] SULEIMAN’S INCOME