The best general book on the Turks in Central Asia and their activities down to the occupation of Asia Minor is undoubtedly Léon Cahun’s _Introduction à l’Histoire de l’Asie: Turcs et Mongols_ (Paris, 1896). The same ground is covered briefly by Cahun in Lavisse and Rambaud’s _Histoire Générale_, vol. ii. ch. xvi. There is a great deal of information about the Persians and the Seljuk Turks in E. G. Browne’s _Literary History of Persia_ (2 vols., London, 1902-1906). Maximilian Bittner has made a valuable study of the Turkish language, entitled _Der Einfluss des Arabischen und Persischen auf das Türkische_ (Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, _Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe_, vol. cxlii. pt. iii. Vienna, 1900). Sir W. M. Ramsay’s books are valuable for a study of the settlement of the Turks in Asia Minor, particularly his _Historical Geography of Asia Minor_ (London, 1890), _The Geographical Conditions determining History and Religion in Asia Minor_ (with comments by D. G. Hogarth, H. H. Howorth, and others, _Geographical Journal_, September, 1902, xx. 257-282), and _Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire_ (Aberdeen, 1906). Volume V of H. F. Helmolt’s _Weltgeschichte_ (Leipsic, etc., 1905) is useful for its attempt to trace the elements of Ottoman culture which were derived from Byzantine and other sources. William Miller’s _The Latins in the Levant_ (New York, 1908) gives a clear picture of the confused and divided state of affairs to which the Ottomans put an end in their rough way. II. THE OTTOMAN GOVERNMENT IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY