[38] Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 31. [39] _Ibid._ 32; D’Ohsson, vii. 150. [40] Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 478, and _Staatsverfassung_, 340. [41] For the Tartar method of raiding in the seventeenth century, see Ricaut, book i. ch. xiii. This may be compared with Turkish methods in the fifteenth century, as described by the author of the _Tractatus_, ch. v. [42] D’Ohsson, v. 50. Orthodoxy in the Moslem religion was by no means an insuperable obstacle to attempts at conquest. The Mamelukes whom Selim I overthrew were Sunnites, and Malekite Morocco was long a land coveted by the Ottomans. A desire for the unification of orthodox Islam came into play here. [43] D’Ohsson, v. 86. [44] The Turks laid claim also to Morocco, but they never exercised abiding authority there: Knolles (ed. 1687), 987. [45] Hammer, _Geschichte_, ii. 520-521. [46] These are given in detail in Hammer’s _Staatsverfassung_, 219-327. [47] _Ibid._ 251 (_Kanun-nameh_ of the _sanjak_ of Kurdistan). [48] Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 478, and _Staatsverfassung_, 343 ff.; Heidborn, 320 ff. [49] Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 344. [50] D’Ohsson, vii. 372 ff.; Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 475 ff., and _Staatsverfassung_, 337 ff. [51] Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 345. [52] _Ibid._ 347. [53] _Ibid._ 344. [54] D’Ohsson, v. 96. [55] _Ibid._ [56] Belin, _La Propriété Foncière_, 88 ff. [57] Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 476; D’Ohsson, vii. 374. [58] D’Ohsson, ii. 523 ff., especially 552-557. [59] Belin, _La Propriété Foncière_, 104 ff. [60] Ricaut, 112. [61] Bernardo, 387 (“like a mine of slaves for the service of the Turks”); Ricaut, 123; Chardin, 85, 90 (“sometimes they will sell their own children”), 94, 114, 192. It is said that the practice of raising Circassian girls for sale is still carried on in Asia Minor (Heidborn, 81). [62] Ricaut, 138; Postel, iii. 71; Nicolay, 10 (“The most of those who are called Turks in Algiers, whether in the king’s household, or on the galleys, are Christians of all nations who have denied their faith and turned Mohammedan—sont Chrestiens reniez et Mahumetizez de toutes nations”); Lavisse and Rambaud, iv. 816, 820. [63] Nicolay, 83. Jorga, iii. 167-189, has taken note of the ancestry of many of the high Turkish officials of the sixteenth century; he finds no Roumanian among them. [64] In regard to the Armenians, see Schiltberger, 73; Chalcocondyles, 53. As to both Armenians and Jews, see Navagero, 42; Postel, i. 34. Morosini, 294, makes mention of an Armenian who was in 1585 the _Beylerbey_ of Greece by special favor of the Sultan. [65] Pélissié du Rausas, i. 21-22. [66] D’Ohsson, v. 104. Visiting foreigners (_muste emin_) who might remain more than one year became tributary subjects (_zimmi_): Belin, _La Propriété Foncière_, 57.