[85] Djevad Bey, i. 26: “Ces prisonniers ou esclaves étaient d’ailleurs incorporés dans l’armée des Janissaires, et alors l’effectif qui manquait était complété par la voie de la levée de troupes parmi les sujets chrétiens.” [86] Ramberti and Junis Bey (below, pp. 254, 270) say that 10,000, or 12,000 were taken every 4 years. Geuffroy, 242, and Postel, iii. 23, give the same estimate. Ricaut, 74, says he is “given to understand” that about 2000 were collected yearly in the middle of the seventeenth century. The exigencies of war probably increased the number greatly at times. Bérard, 12, naming no authority, says that in some years Suleiman took 40,000 boys. [87] 20,000 _Ajem-oghlans_, 12,000 to 14,000 Janissaries, 10,000 of the auxiliary corps, grooms, etc., 40,000 _Spahis_ of the Porte (including the 12,000 members of the four corps and the followers they were obliged to bring), 2000 pages and high officials. Suleiman took with him on his last campaign 48,316 men under pay (Hammer, _Staatsverwaltung_, 181). Morosini, 259, says that in 1585 the sultan had under pay 80,000 men. This is exclusive of about one-half of the _Ajem-oghlans_. [88] Postel, i. 20. [89] See below, p. 69, note 3. [90] Postel, iii. 36. [91] See below, p. 99, note 1. [92] For example, Piri Mohammed, a descendant of the thirteenth-century poet, Jelal ad-din Rumi. Cf. Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 18. [93] Notably Junis Bey, who says (below, p. 265), “None can be a pasha except a Christian renegade.” This custom is said to have been established by Bayezid II (Angiolello, 74, quoted by Jorga, ii. 306, note 2). For further instances, see the last section of Chapter i, above. [94] See above, p. 33. [95] D’Ohsson, v. 91. [96] Schiltberger, 5, gives an early example. See also _Tractatus_, ch. viii. [97] Hammer, _Geschichte_, i. 167. [98] Zeno, 127. [99] Zeno is strongly impressed by these two sources. [100] Postel, iii. 17-18. It was in this way that Menavino entered the system (see his _Trattato_, 10). [101] Cf. Postel, iii. 23. [102] A study of the nationality of the high officials of the sixteenth century gives evidence of this. For example, Ibrahim was an Albanian (Junis Bey, below, p. 265); Rustem Pasha was a Croat (Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 268); Ferhad was a Hungarian (_ibid._ 365); the grand vizier Ali, whom Busbecq (_Life and Letters_, i. 157) calls “a thorough gentleman,” was a Dalmatian; Ayas was an Albanian, and Kassim a Croat (Junis Bey, p. 265); etc. For many other examples, see Jorga, iii. 167-189. [103] The _Tractatus_, ch. viii, says every 5 years; Spandugino, 102, says once in 5 years or oftener; Zeno, 128, says each year; Ramberti and Junis Bey (below, pp. 254, 270) say every 4 years; Postel, iii. 22, says every 3 or 4 years. [104] _Tractatus_, ch. vi.