[673] Busbecq, _Life and Letters_, i. 116-117. [674] Ricaut, 202. [675] This description, based on D’Ohsson’s account, may represent at some points a development later than the time of Suleiman. No sixteenth-century writer seems to have gone into the organization of the system in detail. Heidborn, 220 ff., treats with fulness the past and present judicial system of the Ottoman Empire. [676] Hammer, _Staatsverwaltung_, 380. [677] Postel, i. 117. [678] The _Subashis_ in particular were closely connected with the administration of justice. Postel, i. 120, says loosely that _Pasha_, _Kazi_, and _Subashi_ all mean the same thing. Chesneau, 47, says that the sultan had two judges in every city, a _Kazi_ for civil cases and a _Subashi_ for criminal cases. This is certainly incorrect, for the Sacred Law provided for many criminal cases, while _Kanuns_ dealt with many civil cases. The _Sanjak Beys_ and _Beylerbeys_ held Divans, or councils, resembling on a lesser scale the sultan’s Divan (Heidborn, 143, note 17); following the analogy of the _Kaziaskers_, the _Kazi_ of the city in which each such officer resided would sit in his Divan and decide the cases that came up touching the Sacred Law, and would also hold independent court at other times. In cities of lesser importance, the _Kazis_ appear to have been the heads of the restricted municipal governments (_ibid._, note 16). [679] A scheme of the higher offices in the judicial system in the early nineteenth century is given in Hammer’s _Geschichte_, ix. 1-10. [680] _Kazi_ is the Turkish pronunciation of the Arabic word _kadi_, judge; _Molla_ is the Turkish form of the Arabic word _maulā_, lord. [681] Junis Bey (below, p. 265) and Postel, i. 119, state that the _Kaziaskers_ nominated all _Kazis_. Junis Bey says: “Two _Cadilescher_ talismans, one of Greece and the other of Natolia or Asia, and they each have revenues of 6 or 7 thousand ducats a year: who are executors of their law ... it is they who appoint the Kadis or podestas of all the lands of the Seigneur.” Ramberti (below, p. 247) and Nicolay, 119, say that the consent of the pashas was necessary also. [682] Ricaut, 205. [683] Hammer (as above, p. 216, note 4) gives a list of 39 judges of rank above the _Kazis_ proper, and 243 _Kazis_ of Rumelia, 280 of Anatolia, and 34 of Egypt. The total is thus 557 _Kazis_ proper, and 596 judges in all. In the subsequent list of 247 positions in Rumelia as rearranged under Mahmûd II, five places in the Crimea are mentioned as seats of _Kazis in partibus_, but neither list appears to mention any in North Africa. [684] Spandugino, 188; Postel, i. 127. [685] Spandugino, 213; D’Ohsson, vi. 333. [686] Postel, i. 126. This officer is called by Postel _Mortasi_. [687] Menavino, 66; Spandugino, 211. [688] Postel, i. 120, 124; Nicolay, 119. There was no regular organization of the procedure of appeal; nevertheless it was allowed (Heidborn, 389).