use of placards, cartoons, and other devices designed to attract and focus attention. Plans are laid, arguments are formulated, and (p. 095) leadership in public appeal is assumed by the members of the Government, led by the premier, and, on the other side, by the men who are the recognized leaders of the parliamentary Opposition.[136] [Footnote 135: The Representation of the People Act of 1867 made the duration of a parliament independent of a demise of the crown. The text of the Septennial Act and that of the Lords' Protest against the measure are printed in Robertson, Statutes, Cases, and Documents, 117-119.] [Footnote 136: M. Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties, trans. by F. Clarke, 2 vols. (London, 1902), I., 442-501; MacDonaugh, The Book of Parliament, 1-23. Among numerous articles descriptive of English parliamentary elections mention may be made of H. W. Lucy, The Methods of a British General Election, in _Forum_, Oct., 1900; S. Brooks, English and American Elections, in _Fortnightly Review_, Feb., 1910; W. T. Stead, The General Election in Great Britain, in _American Review of Reviews_, Feb., 1910; and d'Haussonville, Dix jours en Angleterre pendant les elections, in _Revue des Deux Mondes_, Feb. 1, 1910.]