Turning now to a rapid survey of the Roman world from a geographical point of view we shall see the work of restoration and repair, proceeding with the same methodical thoroughness which makes this regime one of the most beneficent in the history of civilisation. We have already seen something of the provincial system as it was reorganised in 27 B.C. The provinces which fell to the share of the senate were these: _Asia._ _Africa._ _Gallia Narbonensis_ (transferred to the senate in 22 B.C.) _Hispania Bætica._ _Crete_ with the Cyrenaica. _Macedonia_ with Achaia. _Bithynia_ with Pontus. _Cyprus_ (also transferred to the senate in 22 B.C.). _Dalmatia_ (until the revolt of 11 B.C.). _Sardinia_ with Corsica. _Sicily._ These were governed by annual magistrates, chosen by lot from a list selected by the senate--the first two by proconsuls of consular rank, the others also by governors termed proconsuls but actually only of prætorian rank, that is, ex-prætors. Africa was the only one of these provinces which contained troops and the senatorial governors went out in civilian dress as administrators only. Cæsar’s provinces were: _Spain._ _Gaul._ _Syria_ with Cilicia and, until 22 B.C., Cyprus. To these were gradually added: _Germania._ _Illyricum_, including Dalmatia and Pannonia. _Galatia_, including Lycaonia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, and part of Cilicia, with Paphlagonia added in 5 B.C. These were all governed by legates of Cæsar, commonly chosen from the ranks of the senate, with the title of proprætor. They held office for as long as Cæsar desired, and were provided with a staff, chosen by him, of trained financiers. In addition to these, other districts under prefects were gradually accumulated: _Egypt._ _Mœsia_ and Triballia. _Alpes Cottiæ._ _Alpes Maritimæ._ And others again under procurators: _Judæa_ (after A.D. 6). _Rhætia._ _Noricum._ Further, there were a large number of “allied” or “client” kingdoms and republics: Thrace. Abitene. Pontus with Bosphorus. Emesa. Judæa (till A.D. 6). Galilæa and Peræa. Commagene. Nabatæa. Cappadocia. Batanæa. Armenia. Mauretania. Arabia. And the allied states: Lycia. Athens, Sparta, Rhodes, and other Greek cities.