[188] See p. 147, below, and cf. Graf, _Szenische Untersuchungen zu Menander_ (1914), p. 14. The same motive appears also in the fifth century, in Euripides’ _Phoenician Maids_, vss. 192 ff., and _Phaethon_ (Nauck, _Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta_, p. 602, fr. 773, vss. 10 ff.); cf. Fraenkel, _De Media et Nova Comoedia_ (1912), p. 71, and Harms, _De Introitu Personarum in Euripidis et Novae Comoediae Fabulis_ (1914), p. 60; see p. 282, below. [189] The former phrase occurs in Aristotle’s _Poetics_ 1453_a_27, 1455_a_28, 1459_b_25, and 1460_a_15, and Demosthenes xix, p. 449, § 337; the latter in Aristotle’s (?) _Poetics_ 1452_b_18 and 25, Aristotle’s _Problems_ 918_b_26, 920_a_9, and 922_b_17, and Demosthenes xviii, p. 288, § 180. Cf. Richards, _Classical Review_, V (1891), 97, and XVIII (1904), 179, and Flickinger, “The Meaning of ἐπὶ τῆς σκηνῆς in Writers of the Fourth Century,” _University of Chicago Decennial Publications_, VI (1902), 11 ff., and “Scaenica,” _Transactions of the American Philological Association_, XL (1909), 109 ff. [190] Cf. Athenaeus, p. 211 B. [191] Cf. Diodorus Siculus xi. 10, Plutarch _Life of Brutus_, c. xlv, and _Life of Demetrius_, c. xxxii, and Lucian (?), _Lucius sive Asinus_, § 47. [192] Cf. _American Journal of Philology_, XVIII (1897), 120. [193] Cf. Aristotle’s _Poetics_ 1460_a_11-17. [194] Cf. Aristotle (?) _Poetics_ 1452_b_24 f. [195] Cf. Clemens Alexandrinus (Potter), p. 688, and Vitruvius viii, praefatio § 1. Incidentally it may be remarked that Euripides’ philosophizing and personal views are found in his choral odes no less than in the histrionic parts of his plays (see p. 140, below). [196] Cf. Frei, _De Certaminibus Thymelicis_ (1900), pp. 14 and 15. The dissertation provoked a controversy between Bethe and Dörpfeld; cf. Bethe, “Thymeliker und Skeniker,” _Hermes_, XXXVI (1901), 597 ff., and Dörpfeld, “Thymele und Skene,” _ibid._, XXXVII (1902), 249 ff. and 483 ff. [197] Cf. _Athenische Mittheilungen_, XXVIII (1903), 420 f. [198] The Greek text has already been quoted on p. 78, nn. 1 and 2. [199] Cf. _Clouds_, vss. 1486 ff. A somewhat similar use of ladders is mentioned in Euripides’ _Bacchanals_, vss. 1212 ff. [200] Cf. Pollux iv. 124: τὸ δὲ ὑποσκήνιον κίοσι καὶ ἀγαλματίοις κεκόσμηται πρὸς τὸ θέατρον τετραμμένοις, ὑπὸ τὸ λογεῖον κείμενον. [201] Also, the front wall of this room, just as σκηνή is not only the scene-building as a whole but also its front wall; cf. Flickinger, _Plutarch as a Source of Information on the Greek Theater_, pp. 43 f. [202] Cf. _Athenische Mittheilungen_, XXVIII (1903), 418 ff. [203] Robert would emend the text so that the statement would explain the proscenium instead of the hyposcenium; cf. _Hermes_, XXXII (1897), 448. In that case ὑπό must mean “behind,” a possible meaning, and Pollux would be speaking of the proscenium in a theater with a stage. Pollux includes the proscenium in his catalogue of theater parts (see pp. 97 f., above), but does not define it.