the Church, by this time in almost full control of the education at Salerno, managed the medical school. During the following four centuries the University of Salerno--for during the thirteenth century it became a university in fact, if not in name--retrograded steadily, until finally the French Government, on November 29, 1811, officially put an end to its existence. The traveler who to-day visits Salerno, in the hope of seeing some remains of the oldest medical school in Europe, will find there only a collection of squalid buildings which serve as dwellings for the poorer classes, a dirty and uncomfortable inn, and shops of nearly the same dimensions as those which once lined the narrow streets of Pompeii. As he gazes, however, at the superb view presented by the Gulf of Salerno he may readily, by an effort of the imagination, reconstruct the picture of the famous “Hippocratic City” as it was when William the Conqueror and other distinguished persons visited it nearly a thousand years ago. Neuburger, in his review of the career of the Salerno Medical School, sums up its contributions to the science of medicine in about these terms: Those who taught at Salerno were the first physicians in the Christian part of Western Europe who procured for medicine a home in which scientific considerations alone prevailed, where the Church exercised no control whatever, and where all the different branches of the science were favored to an equal degree. They devoted their best energies, by oral teaching and by their writings, to the single object of communicating practical knowledge of the healing art to all who desired to obtain it; and, by the admirable example of their own lives, they furnished a high standard for the guidance of those who wished to reflect honor upon the name of physician. CHAPTER XXII EARLY EVIDENCES OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE RENAISSANCE UPON THE PROGRESS OF MEDICINE IN WESTERN EUROPE