As to the plan which I employ, it is this: After making fast to the fractured thigh splints which extend down as far as the feet, I reinforce the support which they give, either by placing the limb in a box or by applying to its sides bundles of straw (_appuyements_). [These are shown in the left-hand lower corner of Fig. 12.] I then attach to the foot a mass of lead as a weight, taking care to pass the cord which supports the lead over a small pulley in such a manner that it shall pull upon the leg in a longitudinal direction. And if it then be found that there is not complete equality between the fractured limb and its fellow as regards length, the discrepancy may be corrected by gently pulling upon the former. Every nine days the limb should be cautiously handled; and at the end of about fifty days it will be found that firm union has taken place. One more remark seems to be called for in reference to the fact that Guy de Chauliac, although he was avowedly a surgeon, managed to win as great a reputation and as high a social position as was possessed by any physician of that period. The medical practitioner, it will be remembered, held himself, during the Middle Ages, and was universally held, to be a much higher type of man than the surgeon. The relative standing of the two is well shown in the accompanying sketch (Fig. 13), in which all the details (attitude, head gear, gown, etc.) have evidently been carefully studied by the artist. Guy, however, through the sheer force of his character, and also probably because he was known to have won the highest medical honor (the grade of “Master of Medicine”) which it was in the power of the university to confer, pushed his way to the top, and held, for a period of twenty years, the position of private physician to three Popes in succession--Clement VI., Innocent VI. and Urban V. In other words, the prevailing prejudices and jealousies were not sufficiently powerful to block the triumphant career of this man of solid merit and high character. [Illustration: FIG. 12. ONE OF THE WARDS IN THE HÔTEL-DIEU OF PARIS. As it appeared in the sixteenth century. (From _Chirurgie de Pierre Franco_, edited by E. Nicaise, Paris, 1895.)] _The State of Medicine and Surgery in Countries Other than Italy and France During the Later Portion of the Middle Ages._--From the account given by Neuburger it appears that the seeds planted by the famous teachers of medicine and surgery in Italy and France during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries had begun to take root in England and in the Low Countries to the north of France, and were in fact already producing some good fruit in those lands. Thus, for example, there have been handed down to our time the names of four physicians who attained a certain degree of eminence in England during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries--Gilbertus Anglicus, John of Gaddesden, John Mirfeld and John Arderne.