Eustachius, the famous Italian anatomist, deserves special credit for the experimental methods which he devised and employed in his efforts to gain a better knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the kidneys. Moritz Hofmann of Fürstenwald discovered in 1641, in the turkey gobbler, the outlet duct of the pancreas, and a short time afterward George Wirsung, a Bavarian, discovered the same structure in the human being. Then, in 1651, Olaus Rudbeck, Professor of Anatomy in the University of Upsala, Sweden, discovered the lymphatics of the intestines, and established (at a later date) the fact that they are a separate system from that of the chyle ducts. Francis Glisson (1597–1677) of Cambridge University, England, one of Harvey’s pupils, made two series of anatomical investigations of a most creditable character--the first concerning the relationship which exists between the intestinal lymphatics and the alimentary canal, and the second regarding the internal construction of the liver (“capsule of Glisson”). Thomas Wharton (1610–1673), a native of Yorkshire, England, and a London practitioner of medicine, discovered the outlet channel of the submaxillary salivary gland, now known as “Wharton’s duct,” and he also published the first exhaustive treatise on the structure of glands in general (thymus, pancreas, submaxillary, etc.). About the middle of the seventeenth century Nathanael Highmore of Oxford, England (1613–1685), discovered and adequately described the cavity in the superior maxilla which bears his name (“antrum of Highmore”), and which in comparatively recent years has assumed such importance from the viewpoint of the practical surgeon. A Danish anatomist, who is known to us English-speaking physicians as Nicholas Steno (1638–1686), but to his own countrymen as Niels Stensen, discovered the outlet duct of the parotid gland (“Steno’s duct”). Stephen Blancaard (1650–1702), a practicing physician of Amsterdam, made the first successful injections of capillary blood-vessels; and Domenico de Marchettis (1626–1688), Professor in the University of Padua, employing Blancaard’s technique, succeeded in proving that the finest ramifications of both veins and arteries communicate the one with the other. To Conrad Victor Schneider, a professor at the University of Wittenberg, Germany (1614–1680), we are indebted for putting an end forever to the erroneous doctrine that the nasal mucus is produced in the brain. He did not, however, have the good fortune to discover the glands from which this mucus actually comes; the credit for this discovery being due to Niels Stensen. Among the host of other successful discoverers in the domain of anatomy during the seventeenth century the following men deserve at least to be mentioned by name: Johann Conrad Peyer (1653–1712) of Schaffhausen, Switzerland; Johann Conrad Brunner (1653–1727), also a native of Switzerland; Theodor Kerckring (1640–1693) of Hamburg, Germany; Anton Nuck (1650–1692),