(56) The share of the Witan in early times in the appointment of Bishops, Ealdormen, and other great officers, need hardly be dwelled upon. For a debate in a Witenagemót of Eadward the Confessor on a question of peace or war, see Norman Conquest, ii. 90. For the like under Henry the Third, see the account in Matthew Paris, in the year 1242 which will be found in Stubbs, 359. The state of the case under Edward the Third is discussed by Hallam, Middle Ages, ii. 184. See also May, ii. 86. But the most remarkable passage of all is one in the great poetical manifesto which I have several times quoted: it is there (Political Songs, 96) made one of the charges against Henry the Third that he wished to keep the appointment of the great officers of state in his own hands. The passage is long, but it is well worth quoting at length. “Rex cum suis voluit ita liber esse; Et sic esse debuit, fuitque necesse Aut esse desineret rex, privatus jure Regis, nisi faceret quidquid vellet; curæ Non esse magnatibus regni quos præferret Suis comitatibus, vel quibus conferret Castrorum custodiam, vel quem exhibere Populo justitiam vellet, et habere Regni cancellarium thesaurariumque. Suum ad arbitrium voluit quemcumque, Et consiliarios de quacumque gente, Et ministros varios se præcipiente, Non intromittentibus se de factis regis Angliæ baronibus, vim habente legis Principis imperio, et quod imperaret Suomet arbitrio singulos ligaret.” (57) Take for example the Act passed after Edward the Fourth’s success at Towton. Rot Parl. v. 466. Among other things, poor Henry the Sixth is not only branded as an usurper, but is charged with personally stirring up the movement in the North, which led to the battle of Wakefield and the death of Richard Duke of York. “The seid Henry Usurpour, late called Kyng Henry the Sixt, contynuyng in his olde rancour & malice, usyng the fraude & malicious disceit & dissimulacion ayenst trouth & conscience, that accorde not with the honoure of eny Cristen Prynce, ... with all subtill ymaginacions & disceitfull weyes & meanes to hym possible, intended & covertely laboured, excited & procured the fynal destruction, murdre & deth of the seid Richard Duc, and of his Sonnes, that is to sey, of oure seid nowe Soverayne Lord Kyng Edward the fourth, then Erle of Marche, & of the noble Lord Edmund Erle of Ruthlande; & for th’ execution of his dampnable & malicious purpose, by writing & other messages, mowed, excited, & stured therunto the Duks of Excestr’ & Somerset, & other lordes beyng then in the North parties of this Reame.”