In the ranks a front of 40 in., a depth of 10 feet; in a stall; from 3½ to 4½ feet front; at picket 3 feet by 9. 9. What are the comparative effects of the labor of a man, and that of a horse or mule? Taking the useful effect of a man’s daily labor as unity, a horse can carry a load on a horizontal plane, 4.8 to 6.1 times; and a mule, 7.6 times greater than a man. Taking a man with a wheel-barrow as unity, a horse in a four-wheel wagon can draw 17.5, and in a cart 24.3; and a mule in a cart, 23.3 times greater burden. 10. What weight is an artillery horse required to draw? Not more than 700 lbs., the weight of the carriage included. 11. What weight can a team of four horses or more, draw with useful effect? Including the weight of carriage, 4 horses can draw 24 cwt., or 6 each; 6 horses, 30 cwt., 5 each; 8 horses, 36 cwt., 4½ each; and 12 horses, 48 cwt., or 4 each. It is usual to estimate the weight of a carriage exceeding 12 cwt. as part of the load. 12. What weights are carried by the riding, pack, and draught horses respectively? A horse carrying a soldier and his equipments, (say 225 lbs.) travels 25 miles in a day (8 hours); a pack-horse can carry 250 to 300 lbs., 20 miles a day; and a draught-horse, 1600 lbs. 23 miles a day, weight of carriage included. 13. What are the usual paces for horses in the artillery? Walk, trot and gallop; the last is seldom necessary. [Sidenote: 153]] 14. What is considered an ordinary day’s march for field artillery, and rate of motion? An ordinary march is about 15 miles at 2½ miles per hour for 6 hours; this must depend upon the condition of the horses, state of the roads, and various other circumstances. Horses starting fresh, and resting after their work, may, on tolerable roads, perform 2 miles in half an hour; 4 miles in 1½ hours; 8 in 4, and 16 in 10 hours. 15. What is the rate of march of horse-artillery and cavalry? Walk, 3¾ miles per hour, or 1 mile in 16 minutes; trot, 7½ per hour, or 1 mile in 8 minutes; manœuvring gallop, at the rate of 11 miles per hour, or 1 mile in 3 minutes; cavalry charge, 24 miles an hour, or at the rate of 1 mile in 2½ minutes. 16. At what rate does infantry march? In common time, 90 steps = 70 yards in 1 minute, or 2 miles 680 yards in an hour; in quick time, 110 steps = 86 yards in 1 minute, or 2 miles 1613 yards in an hour; in double quick, 140 steps = 109 yards in 1 minute, or 3 miles 1253 yards in an hour. 17. What space does a foot soldier occupy in the ranks, and what is his average weight? A front of 20 in., and a depth of 13 in., without the knapsack; the interval between the ranks is 13 in.; 5 men can stand in a space of 1 square yard. Average weight of men, 150 lbs. each. [Sidenote: 154]] 18. What is the daily allowance of water for a man? One gallon, for all purposes. 19. What is it for a horse? Four gallons. 20. What is the weight of a bushel of oats; or of wheat; and the weight of hay?