MARSHALLING _by Combination_ is effected by actually forming, for the blazonry of a single Shield, a composition which includes the principal charges of two or more allied Shields. The composition of the Shield borne by the house of DE DREUX, to which I have just referred in describing the Seal of the Countess of Pembroke, No. 319, is a most striking example of this variety of Marshalling: and this Shield was borne by JOHN DE DREUX, created Earl of RICHMOND by his uncle King EDWARD I., who lived and died in England, as it is represented in No. 322--the _field, chequée or and azure_, being for De Dreux; the _canton ermine_ for Brittany; and the _bordure, gules charged with golden lions of England_, representing the royal Shield of England, and showing the close connection existing between the Earl of Richmond and his Sovereign. The shield of Prince JOHN of ELTHAM (No. 24), _England within a bordure of France_, is another characteristic example of this Marshalling by Combination. [Illustration: No. 321.--Seal of Oliver de Bohun.] [Illustration: No. 322.--Shield of Earl John de Dreux.] For many reasons, except in particular instances, these methods of Marshalling were not considered to be altogether satisfactory. Accordingly, a fresh arrangement was devised which would preserve intact the original integrity of each coat of arms, would imply a definite systematic method of arrangement, and would admit into a single composition any required number of distinct coats. This MARSHALLING _by Quartering_, naturally suggested by such simple bearings as Nos. 16 and 17, consists in dividing the Shield, as in No. 30, into four parts, and placing in each of these divisions or quarters one of the coats to be marshalled on a single Shield. If two coats only are thus to be “_quartered_,” the most important of the two occupies the first quarter, and is repeated in the fourth; and, the other coat is placed in the second quarter, and repeated in the third. The earliest example known in England is the quartered Shield of _Castile and Leon--quarterly: first and fourth, gules, a castle triple-towered or; second and third, argent, a lion rampant gu._, No. 323. This shield is sculptured upon the monument in Westminster Abbey to ALIANORE, daughter of FERDINAND III., King of CASTILE and LEON, and Queen of EDWARD I.: the date is 1290. This form of Marshalling began gradually to be adopted during the first half of the fourteenth century, and in the second half of that century it became generally adopted. Other examples of quartered shields I have already given in Nos. 252 and 253. [Illustration: No. 323.--Shield of Castile and Leon.]