On the streets in tears we're wading, In our bairns' blood we might be bathing; What a misfortune, ah, wellaway-- Will never dawn the better day? Little infants from heder are torn, And forced to wear the soldier's uniform; What a misfortune, etc. Our leaders, rabbis, and honored elders, E'en help to impress them for the czar's soldiers; What a misfortune, etc. Seven sons has Zushe Rakover, Yet not a one for the army is over; What a misfortune, etc. Leah, the widow, has an only son, And for the kahal's sins he's gone; What a misfortune, etc.] [Footnote 37: GMC, no. 42. On similar enthusiasm among the Galician Maskilim, see Erter, Kol Kore, in Ha-Zofeh le-Bet Yisrael, Warsaw, 1890, pp. 131-133.] [Footnote 38: Elk, Die juedischen Kolonien in Russland, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1886, pp. 28-53, 60-80, 119-140, 153-160, 205-208; Jastrow, Beleuchtungen, etc., Hamburg, 1859, pp. 109-113.] [Footnote 39: See Zunz, Gesammelte Schriften, Berlin, 1875, pp, 279-290; Jost, Freimuethige Beleuchtung, Berlin, 1830; and Culturgeschichte, pp. 302-303.] [Footnote 40: Rabinovitz, op. cit., pp. 11-18.] [Footnote 41: On Volozhin, see Ha-Kerem, 1887, pp. 67-77; Bikkurim, 1865, pp. 6-45; Ozar ha-Sifrut, iii.; Ha-Asif, iii.; Ha-Meliz, 1900, nos. 16-18; Schechter, op. cit., i. 93-98; Horowitz, Derek 'Ez ha-Hayyim, Cracow, 1895. The yeshibah was reopened under the deanship of Rabbi Raphael Shapira of Bobruisk, and still exists, though in a rather precarious condition.] [Footnote 42: Read the vivid description in WMG, p. 147.] [Footnote 43: Occident, ii. 563-564.] [Footnote 44: Uvarov's opinion of the Talmud was "razvrashchal i raz-vrashchayet" ("it has been degrading and is degrading"). Nicholas granted special privileges to the Karaites, and claimed they were the genuine Israelites, chiefly because they did not follow the precepts of the Talmud.] [Footnote 45: Occident, ii. 562-563.] [Footnote 46: See Loewe, Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore, London, 1890, i. 100, 231, 311-312, passim; Guenzburg, Debir, ii. 99-108; (Dick), Ha-Oreah, Koenigsberg, 1860.] [Footnote 47: Guenzburg, op. cit., pp. 115-117, 122-125; Leket Amarim (suppl. to Ha-Meliz), St. Petersburg, 1887, pp. 81-86; AZJ, ix. nos. 46-50; x. nos. 5, 49, etc.; Jastrow, op. cit., p. 12, Lubliner, De la condition politique .... dans le royaume de Pologne, Brussels, 1860 (especially pp. 44-45).] [Footnote 48: GMC, no. 255.] CHAPTER IV CONFLICTS AND CONQUESTS 1840-1855 (pp. 162-221)