[Footnote 11: See AZJ, 1842, no. 41; Mandelstamm, Hazon la-Moed, Vienna, 1877, pp. 19, 21, 25-27; Leket Amarim, pp. 86-89; Kohelet, p. 12; Morgulis, op. cit, p. 55; Ha-Pardes, pp. 186-199; Nathanson, Sefer ha-Zikronot, Warsaw, 1878, p. 70; Lilienthal, in American Israelite, 1854 (My Travels in Russia), and Juedisches Volksblatt, 1856 (Meine Reisen in Russland), and Der Zeitgeist, 1882, p. 149.] [Footnote 12: Occident, v. 252, 296.] [Footnote 13: WMG, pp. 185-200; AZJ, 1844, pp. 75, 247; 1845, pp. 304-305; 1846, p. 18; American Israelite, i. 156.] [Footnote 14: Rede, etc., Riga, 1840, p. 5.] [Footnote 15: Ha-Pardes, i. 202-203. See Bramson, op. cit., pp. 26-27; WMG, p. 118.] [Footnote 16: Ha-Kokabim, 1868, pp. 61-78; Ha-Kerem, 1887, pp. 41-62; Zweifel, op. cit, pp. 55-56.] [Footnote 17: Ha-Mizpah, 1882, p. 17; Kohelet, p. 16; Sbornik of the Minister of Education, 1840, pp. 340, 436-437, and Supplement, pp. 35-38; Prelooker, Under the Czar and Queen Victoria, London, pp. 4-5; cf. AZJ, 1846, p. 86.] [Footnote 18: Elk, op. cit, ch. iii.] [Footnote 19: Occident, v. 493; Nathanson, Sefat Emet, p. 92; Mandelstamm, op. cit., pp. 31-32, and Morgulis, op. cit, pp. 102-147. On tax collectors, cf. the English ballad quoted by Macaulay (History of England, ch. iii.): Like plundering soldiers they'd enter the door, And made a distress on the goods of the poor, While frightened poor children distractedly cried; This nothing abated their insolent pride. And the Yiddish folk song (GMC, no. 55): The excise young fellows, They are tremendously wild: They shave their beards, And ride on horses, Wear overshoes, And eat with unwashed hands. Their lack of confidence in the permanence of the schools is expressed in the following song (GMC, no. 53): May we soon be released from the Jewish Goless, When we shall be expelled from the Gentile Scholess (schools). On the struggle to retain the so-called Jewish mode of dress, see I.M. D(ick), Die Yiddishe Kleider Umwechslung, Vilna, 1844.] [Footnote 20: Op. cit., pp. 12-13; cf. Letteris, in Moreh Nebuke ha-Zeman, Introduction, pp. xv-xvi; Bramson, op. cit., pp. 34-35, 43-44, and Levanda, Ocherki Proshlaho, St. Petersburg, 1876.] [Footnote 21: Cf. Buckle, History of Civilization, New York, 1880, ii. 529-538.] [Footnote 22: "Fifty years ago," says Mr. Rubinow (Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, no. 72, Washington, Sept., 1907, p. 578), "the educational standard of the [Russian] Jews was higher than that of the Russian people at large is at present."] [Footnote 23: Mandelkern, op. cit., iii. 33.] [Footnote 24: Buckle, op. cit., pp. 140-142, notes 33-37.]