[21] According to De Morga (p. 196, Retana's edition), the _anito_ was a representation of the devil under horrible and frightful forms, to which fruits and fowl and perfumes were offered. Each house had and "made" (or performed) its _anitos_, there being no temples, without ceremony or any special solemnity. "This word," says Retana, "is ordinarily interpreted 'idol,' although it has other meanings. There were _anitos_ of the mountains, of the fields, of the sea. The soul of an ancestor, according to some, became embodied as a new _anito_, hence the expression, 'to make _anitos_.' Even living beings, notably the crocodile, were regarded as _anitos_ and worshiped. The _anito-figura_, generally shortened to _anito_, ... was usually a figurine of wood, though sometimes of gold." (Glossary to his edition of De Morga, pp. 486-487.) "The _anito_ of the Philippines is essentially a protecting spirit." (F. Jagor, "Travels in the Philippines," p. 298. English translation, London, Chapman & Hall, 1875; originally published in Berlin. 1873, "Reisen in den Philippinen," Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.) "The religion of the islands, what may be called the true religion of Filipinos, consisted of the worship of the _anitos_. These were not gods, but the souls of departed ancestors, and each family worshipped its own, in order to obtain their favorable influence." (Pardo de Tavera, "Reseña Histórica de Filipinas," Manila, 1906.) [22] _Apo_ means "lord, master." In the mountains every American is called _apo_. "Sir" in Tagalo is _po_, and the highest mountain of the Archipelago is named Apo. The native word for fire in these parts is something like _apo_. To distinguish Mr. Forbes from other _apos_. he was called _apo apo_ in communicating with the natives. [23] Now frequently called _ub-ub_, _i.e_., "spring," in the Ifugao country; a change of name due to Gallman. [24] See De Morga, "_Sucesos_," etc., p. 184, Retana's edition, and Retana's note on the passage; see also Jagor, "Travels," etc., p. 162 _et seq_. [25] _Runo_ is a stiff reed grass growing to several feet, the mountain cousin of the _cogon_ of the plains. [26] The _Princesa_ was the only fat person we saw in the mountains: apparently these Highlanders all grow thin with age, and wrinkled from head to foot. [27] See _Philippine Journal of Science_, July, 1909, for Villaverde's account of the Ifugaos of Kiangan, translated and edited by Worcester, with notes and an addendum by Major Case, of the Constabulary. [28] Gallman says they also carry their spears point down to cause the enemy's spears to miss.--_C. De W.W._